bekhterevОбозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М.БехтереваV.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY2313-70532713-055XV. M. BEKHTEREV NATIONAL RESEARCH MEDICAL CENTER FOR PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MINISTRY OF HEALTH10.31363/2313-7053-2024-975bekhterev-1063Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫSCIENTIFIC REVIEWКлинические и этиопатогенетические аспекты коморбидности депрессивных и тревожных нарушений: к проблеме достижения устойчивой ремиссииClinical and etiopathogenetic aspects of depressive and anxiety disorders’ comorbidity: towards the problem of achieving stable remissionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-3702КараваеваТ. А.KaravaevaT. A.

Караваева Татьяна Артуровна - д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник, руководитель отделения лечения пограничных психических расстройств и психотерапии; профессор кафедры медицинской психологии и психофизиологии; профессор кафедры общей и прикладной психологии с курсами медико-биологических дисциплин и педагогики; ведущий научный сотрудник научного отдела инновационных методов терапевтической онкологии и реабилитации

192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, д. 3

199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская набережная, д. 7/9

194100, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2

197758, Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, д. 68

Saint Petersburg

tania_kar@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5116-836XВасильеваА. В.VasilevaA. V.

Васильева Анна Владимировна - д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник отделения лечения пограничных психических расстройств и психотерапии, доцент кафедры психотерапии и сексологии

195015, г. Санкт-Петербург, Кирочная ул., 41

Saint Petersburg

annavdoc@yahoo.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9020-3271РадионовД. С.RadionovD. S.

Радионов Дмитрий Сергеевич - младший научный сотрудник отделения лечения пограничных психических расстройств и психотерапии

Санкт-Петербург

Saint Petersburg

dumradik@mail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8653-8183СтарунскаяД. А.StarunskayaD. A.

Cтарунская Диана Андреевна - младший научный сотрудник отделения лечения пограничных психических расстройств и психотерапии

Санкт-Петербург

Saint Petersburg

stardia@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-9024-5960АндриановаА. Е.AndrianovaA. E.

Андрианова Александра Евгеньевна - младший научный сотрудник отделения лечения пограничных психических расстройств и психотерапии

Санкт-Петербург

Saint Petersburg

alexsandra0013@gmail.comНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии имени В.М. Бехтерева; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет; Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. ПетроваРоссияV.M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology; Saint-Petersburg State University; Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University; N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Centre of OncologyRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии имени В.М. Бехтерева;РоссияV.M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology; I.I. Mechnikov North-western Medical State UniversityRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии имени В.М. БехтереваРоссияV.M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and NeurologyRussian Federation202415122024584-12333Copyright © Караваева Т.А., Васильева А.В., Радионов Д.С., Старунская Д.А., Андрианова А.Е., 20242024Караваева Т.А., Васильева А.В., Радионов Д.С., Старунская Д.А., Андрианова А.Е.Karavaeva T.A., Vasileva A.V., Radionov D.S., Starunskaya D.A., Andrianova A.E.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.bekhterevreview.com/jour/article/view/1063

Коморбидность депрессивных и тревожных нарушений — наиболее частая комбинация психиатрических расстройств, которая связана с более высоким риском суицидального поведения, медико-социальными и профессиональными проблемами. Клиническая картина коморбидных расстройств характеризуется трудностью верификации и осложняется возможностью формирования вторичных нарушений, таких как злоупотребление алкоголем и ПАВ. Этиопатогенетические механизмы включают сложное взаимодействие между биологическими и психологическими процессами. В связи с чем подчеркивается необходимость дальнейшей разработки алгоритмов диагностики, изучения комплексной терапии для достижения устойчивой ремиссии у пациентов с коморбидными депрессивными и тревожными нарушениями.

Depressive and anxiety disorders’ comorbidity is the most common combination of psychiatric disorders, which is associated with a higher risk of suicidal behavior, medical, social and professional problems. The clinical features of comorbid disorders are characterized by the difficulty of verification and is complicated by the possibility of developing secondary disorders, such as alcohol and psychoactive substance abuse. Etiopathogenetic mechanisms include a complex interaction between biological and psychological processes. In this regard, the need for further development of diagnostic algorithms, study of complex therapy to achieve stable remission in patients with comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders is emphasized.

депрессиятревожные расстройствакоморбидностьэтиология и патогенезремиссияdepressionanxiety disorderscomorbidityetiology and pathogenesisremissionReferencesВасильева А.В., Караваева Т.А., Колесова Ю.П., Радионов Д.С., Старунская Д.А., Фомичева М.А., Абдуллаева С.М. Оценка эффективности комплексной медико-психологической методики лечения пациентов с инсомнией. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. 2023;57(4):30-41.Vasileva AV, Karavaeva TA, Kolesova YuP, Radionov DS, Starunskaya DA, Fomicheva MV, Abdullaeva SM. Effectiveness evaluation of the complex medical and psychological method of treating patients with insomnia. Obozrenie psihiatrii i medicinskoj psihologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. 2023;57(4):30-41. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2023-773Климанова С.Г., Березина А.А., Трусова А.В., Подоляк Д.В., Рыбакова К.В., Крупицкий Е.М. Взаимосвязь клинических характеристик пациентов с алкогольной зависимостью с доминирующей мотивацией употребления алкоголя. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии им. В.М. Бехтерева. 2022;56(4):63-76.Klimanova SG, Berezina AA, Trusova AV, Podoliak DV, Rybakova KV, Krupitsky EM. The relationship between the clinical characteristics of patients with alcohol use disorder and drinking motives. Obozrenie psihiatrii i medicinskoj psihologii im. V.M. Bekhtereva. 2022;56(4):63-76. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2022-4-63-76Ковалев А.И. Клинические особенности сочетания агорафобии и психических расстройств непсихотического уровня. Медицинский вестник Юга России. 2022;13(2):146-153.Kovalev AI. Clinical features of the combination of agoraphobia and non-psychotic mental disorders. Medicinskij vestnik Yuga Rossii. 2022;13(2):146-153. 2022;13(2):146-153. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2022-13-2-146-153Мартынихин И.А. Использование МКБ-10 для диагностики психических расстройств в Рос- сии: по данным государственной статистики и результатам опроса врачей. Consortium Psychiatricum. 2021;2(2):35–44.Martynikhin IА. The Use of ICD-10 for Diagnosing Mental Disorders In Russia, According to National Statistics and a Survey of Psychiatrists’ Experience. Consortium Psychiatricum. 2021;2(2):35–44. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17816/CP69Незнанов Н.Г., Васильева А.В., Салагай О.О. Роль психотерапии, как медицинской специальности, в общественном здоровье. Общественное здоровье. 2022;2(2):40–57.Neznanov NG, Vasilyeva AV, Salagay OO. The role of psychotherapy as a medical specialty in public health. Obshchestvennoe zdorov’e. 2022;2(2):40–57. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21045/2782-1676-2022-2-2-40-57Петрова Н.Н., Савицкая К.С. Диагностика и терапия коморбидных тревожных и депрессивных расстройств в клинической практике. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. 2021;55(1):102-112.Petrova NN, Savickaya KS. The diagnosis and therapy of comorbid anxiety and depression disorders in clinical practice. Obozrenie psihiatrii i medicinskoj psihologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. 2021;55(1):102-112. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2021-1-102-112Полуэктов М.Г. Возможности лечения инсомнии у пациентов с сопутствующими заболеваниями. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2018;35:18-23.Poluektov MG. Treatment of Insomnia in Patients with Comorbid Diseases. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. 2018;35:18-23. (In Russ.).Радионов Д.С., Караваева Т.А., Васильева А.В. Рыбакова К.В., Крупицкий Е.М., Прусова Т.И. Особенности злоупотребления алкоголем у лиц с тревожными расстройствами невротического спектра. Клинические аспекты и вопросы психотерапии. Вопросы наркологии. 2023;35(3):27-50.Radionov DS, Karavayeva TA, Vasilyeva AV, Rybakova KV, Krupitsky EM, Prusova TI. Peculiarities of alcohol abuse by individuals with neurotic spectrum anxiety disorders. Clinical aspects and issues of psychotherapy. Voprosy narkologii. 2023;35(3):27-50. (In Russ.).Смулевич А.Б., Андрющенко А.В., Романов Д.В., Захарова Н.В. Ремиссии при аффективных заболеваниях: эпидемиология, психопатология, клинический и социальный прогноз, вторичная профилактика. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2014;114(3):4‑13.Smulevich AB, Andryushchenko AV, Romanov DV, Zakharova NV. Remissions in affective disorders: epidemiology, psychopathology, clinical and social prognosis, treatment. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2014;114(3):4‑13. (In Russ.).Стаценко О.А., Усов Г.М. Симптомокомплекс агорафобии с паническим расстройством, коморбидный с депрессией. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2021;121(5‑2):49‑54.Statsenko OA, Usov GM. Agoraphobia with panic disorder combined with depression. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Specvypuski. 2021;121(5‑2):49‑54. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20211210549Als TD, Kurki MI, Grove J et al. Depression pathophysiology, risk prediction of recurrence and comorbid psychiatric disorders using genome-wide analyses. Nat Med. 2023;29(7):1832-1844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02352-1Als TD, Kurki MI, Grove J et al. Depression pathophysiology, risk prediction of recurrence and comorbid psychiatric disorders using genome-wide analyses. Nat Med. 2023;29(7):1832-1844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02352-1Arnaud AM, Brister TS, Duckworth K, Foxworth P, Fulwider T, Suthoff ED, Werneburg B, Aleksanderek I, Reinhart ML. Impact of Major Depressive Disorder on Comorbidities: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83(6):21r14328. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.21r14328Arnaud AM, Brister TS, Duckworth K, Foxworth P, Fulwider T, Suthoff ED, Werneburg B, Aleksanderek I, Reinhart ML. Impact of Major Depressive Disorder on Comorbidities: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83(6):21r14328. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.21r14328Asch SS. Claustrophobia and depression. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1966;14(4):711-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306516601400403Asch SS. Claustrophobia and depression. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1966;14(4):711-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306516601400403Baldwin D. Depression and panic: Comorbidity. Eur Psychiatry. 1998;13 Suppl 2:65s-70s. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(98)80016-3Baldwin D. Depression and panic: Comorbidity. Eur Psychiatry. 1998;13 Suppl 2:65s-70s. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(98)80016-3Bandelow B. Defining response and remission in anxiety disorders: toward an integrated approach. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(10 Suppl 12):21-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900025815Bandelow B. Defining response and remission in anxiety disorders: toward an integrated approach. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(10 Suppl 12):21-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900025815Bandelow B, Allgulander C, Baldwin DS, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders — Version 3. Part I: Anxiety disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2023;24(2):79-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2022.2086295Bandelow B, Allgulander C, Baldwin DS, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders — Version 3. Part I: Anxiety disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2023;24(2):79-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2022.2086295Bartholomay EM, Stone, BM, Lyons GA. Depression and social anxiety symptoms explain substance use problems beyond amount/frequency of substance use. Curr Psychol. 2023;42:6249–6256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01984-1Bartholomay EM, Stone, BM, Lyons GA. Depression and social anxiety symptoms explain substance use problems beyond amount/frequency of substance use. Curr Psychol. 2023;42:6249–6256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01984-1Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmen tal issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009;32(3):483-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmen tal issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009;32(3):483-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002Bekhuis E, Schoevers RA, van Borkulo CD, Rosmalen JG, Boschloo L. The network structure of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and somatic symptomatology. Psychol Med. 2016;46(14):2989-2998. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001550Bekhuis E, Schoevers RA, van Borkulo CD, Rosmalen JG, Boschloo L. The network structure of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and somatic symptomatology. Psychol Med. 2016;46(14):2989-2998. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001550Bernstein GA. Comorbidity and severity of anxiety and depressive disorders in a clinic sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1991;30(1):43–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199101000-00007Bernstein GA. Comorbidity and severity of anxiety and depressive disorders in a clinic sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1991;30(1):43–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199101000-00007Blatt SJ. Contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding and treatment of depression. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1998;46(3):722-52Blatt SJ. Contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding and treatment of depression. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1998;46(3):722-52Boyd JH, Burke JD Jr, Gruenberg E, Holzer CE 3rd, Rae DS, George LK, Karno M, Stoltzman R, McEvoy L, Nestadt G. Exclusion criteria of DSM-III. A study of co-occurrence of hierarchy-free syndromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(10):983-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/arch-psyc.1984.01790210065008Boyd JH, Burke JD Jr, Gruenberg E, Holzer CE 3rd, Rae DS, George LK, Karno M, Stoltzman R, McEvoy L, Nestadt G. Exclusion criteria of DSM-III. A study of co-occurrence of hierarchy-free syndromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(10):983-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/arch-psyc.1984.01790210065008Brent DA, Kolko DJ, Birmaher B, Baugher M, Bridge J, Roth C, Holder D. Predictors of treatment efficacy in a clinical trial of three psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(9):906-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199809000-00010Brent DA, Kolko DJ, Birmaher B, Baugher M, Bridge J, Roth C, Holder D. Predictors of treatment efficacy in a clinical trial of three psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(9):906-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199809000-00010Briley PM, Webster L, Boutry C, Cottam WJ, Auer DP, Liddle PF, Morriss R. Resting-state functional connectivity correlates of anxiety co-morbidity in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;138:104701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104701Briley PM, Webster L, Boutry C, Cottam WJ, Auer DP, Liddle PF, Morriss R. Resting-state functional connectivity correlates of anxiety co-morbidity in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;138:104701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104701Busch FN, Milrod BL, Singer MB. Theory and technique in psychodynamic treatment of panic disorder. J Psychother Pract Res. 1999;8(3):234-42Busch FN, Milrod BL, Singer MB. Theory and technique in psychodynamic treatment of panic disorder. J Psychother Pract Res. 1999;8(3):234-42Busch FN, Shear MK, Cooper AM, Shapiro T, Leon AC. An empirical study of defense mechanisms in panic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(5):299-303. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199505000-00004Busch FN, Shear MK, Cooper AM, Shapiro T, Leon AC. An empirical study of defense mechanisms in panic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(5):299-303. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199505000-00004Calcia MA, Bonsall DR, Bloomfield PS, Selvaraj S, Barichello T, Howes OD. Stress and neuroinflammation: a systematic review of the effects of stress on microglia and the implications for mental illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233(9):1637-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4218-9Calcia MA, Bonsall DR, Bloomfield PS, Selvaraj S, Barichello T, Howes OD. Stress and neuroinflammation: a systematic review of the effects of stress on microglia and the implications for mental illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233(9):1637-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4218-9Cameron OG. Anxious-depressive comorbidity: effects on HPA axis and CNS noradrenergic functions. Essent Psychopharmacol. 2006;7(1):24-34.Cameron OG. Anxious-depressive comorbidity: effects on HPA axis and CNS noradrenergic functions. Essent Psychopharmacol. 2006;7(1):24-34.Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004;20(4):155-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20039Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004;20(4):155-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20039Choi KW, Kim YK, Jeon HJ. Comorbid Anxiety and Depression: Clinical and Conceptual Consideration and Transdiagnostic Treatment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1191:219-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_14Choi KW, Kim YK, Jeon HJ. Comorbid Anxiety and Depression: Clinical and Conceptual Consideration and Transdiagnostic Treatment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1191:219-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_14Coombes BJ, Landi I, Choi KW et al. The genetic contribution to the comorbidity of depression and anxiety: a multi-site electronic health records study of almost 178 000 people. Psychol Med. 2023;53(15):7368-7374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723000983Coombes BJ, Landi I, Choi KW et al. The genetic contribution to the comorbidity of depression and anxiety: a multi-site electronic health records study of almost 178 000 people. Psychol Med. 2023;53(15):7368-7374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723000983Coryell W, Endicott J, Andreasen NC, Keller MB, Clayton PJ, Hirschfeld RM, Scheftner WA, Winokur G. Depression and panic attacks: the significance of overlap as reflected in follow-up and family study data. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(3):293-300. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.3.293Coryell W, Endicott J, Andreasen NC, Keller MB, Clayton PJ, Hirschfeld RM, Scheftner WA, Winokur G. Depression and panic attacks: the significance of overlap as reflected in follow-up and family study data. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(3):293-300. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.3.293Cougle JR, Hakes JK, Macatee RJ, Chavarria J, Zvolensky MJ. Quality of life and risk of psychiatric disorders among regular users of alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis: An analysis of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Psychiatr Res. 2015;66-67:135-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.004Cougle JR, Hakes JK, Macatee RJ, Chavarria J, Zvolensky MJ. Quality of life and risk of psychiatric disorders among regular users of alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis: An analysis of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Psychiatr Res. 2015;66-67:135-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.004Curtiss J, Klemanski DH. Taxonicity and network structure of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: An admixture analysis and complex network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;199:99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.007Curtiss J, Klemanski DH. Taxonicity and network structure of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: An admixture analysis and complex network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;199:99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.007Dalrymple KL, Zimmerman M. Does comorbid Social Anxiety Disorder impact the clinical presentation of principal Major Depressive Disorder? J Affect Disord. 2007;100(1-3):241-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.014Dalrymple KL, Zimmerman M. Does comorbid Social Anxiety Disorder impact the clinical presentation of principal Major Depressive Disorder? J Affect Disord. 2007;100(1-3):241-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.014Finkelstein S, Weiss H. The Claustro-Agoraphobic Dilemma in Psychoanalysis: Fear of Madness (1st ed.). Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003200284Finkelstein S, Weiss H. The Claustro-Agoraphobic Dilemma in Psychoanalysis: Fear of Madness (1st ed.). Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003200284Diaconu G, Turecki G. Panic disorder and suicidality: is comorbidity with depression the key? J Affect Disord. 2007;104(1-3):203-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.03.006.Diaconu G, Turecki G. Panic disorder and suicidality: is comorbidity with depression the key? J Affect Disord. 2007;104(1-3):203-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.03.006.Edmiston EK, Chase HW, Jones N, Nhan TJ, Phillips ML, Fournier JC. Differential role of fusiform gyrus coupling in depressive and anxiety symptoms during emotion perception. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2024;19(1):nsae009. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsae009Edmiston EK, Chase HW, Jones N, Nhan TJ, Phillips ML, Fournier JC. Differential role of fusiform gyrus coupling in depressive and anxiety symptoms during emotion perception. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2024;19(1):nsae009. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsae009Etchecopar-Etchart D, Korchia T, Loundou A, Llorca PM, Auquier P, Lançon C, Boyer L, Fond G. Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47(2):298-308. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa153Etchecopar-Etchart D, Korchia T, Loundou A, Llorca PM, Auquier P, Lançon C, Boyer L, Fond G. Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47(2):298-308. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa153Faravelli C, Castellini G, Benni L, Brugnera A, Landi M, Lo Sauro C, Pietrini F, Rotella F, Ricca V. Generalized anxiety disorder: is there any specific symptom? Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(8):1056-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.04.002Faravelli C, Castellini G, Benni L, Brugnera A, Landi M, Lo Sauro C, Pietrini F, Rotella F, Ricca V. Generalized anxiety disorder: is there any specific symptom? Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(8):1056-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.04.002Faust D, Miner RA. The empiricist and his new clothes: DSM-III in perspective. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(8):962-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.143.8.962Faust D, Miner RA. The empiricist and his new clothes: DSM-III in perspective. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(8):962-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.143.8.962Feinstein AR. The Pre-Therapeutic Classification Of Co-Morbidity In Chronic Disease. J Chronic Dis. 1970;23(7):455-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(70)90054-8Feinstein AR. The Pre-Therapeutic Classification Of Co-Morbidity In Chronic Disease. J Chronic Dis. 1970;23(7):455-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(70)90054-8Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10(11):e1001547. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10(11):e1001547. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547He C, Gong L, Yin Y, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Lv L, Zhang X, Soares JC, Zhang H, Xie C, Zhang Z. Amygdala connectivity mediates the association between anxiety and depression in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav. 2019;13(4):1146-1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-018-9923-zHe C, Gong L, Yin Y, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Lv L, Zhang X, Soares JC, Zhang H, Xie C, Zhang Z. Amygdala connectivity mediates the association between anxiety and depression in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav. 2019;13(4):1146-1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-018-9923-zHinwood M, Morandini J, Day TA, Walker FR. Evidence that microglia mediate the neurobiological effects of chronic psychological stress on the medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22(6):1442-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr229Hinwood M, Morandini J, Day TA, Walker FR. Evidence that microglia mediate the neurobiological effects of chronic psychological stress on the medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22(6):1442-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr229Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009;71(2):171-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1bHowren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009;71(2):171-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1bHung CI, Liu CY, Yang CH, Gan ST. Comorbidity with more anxiety disorders associated with a poorer prognosis persisting at the 10-year follow-up among patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020;260:97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.085Hung CI, Liu CY, Yang CH, Gan ST. Comorbidity with more anxiety disorders associated with a poorer prognosis persisting at the 10-year follow-up among patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020;260:97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.085Inkster B, Rao AW, Ridler K, Nichols TE, Saemann PG, Auer DP, Holsboer F, Tozzi F, Muglia P, Merlo-Pich E, Matthews PM. Structural brain changes in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder presenting with anxiety symptoms. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21(4):375-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00515.xInkster B, Rao AW, Ridler K, Nichols TE, Saemann PG, Auer DP, Holsboer F, Tozzi F, Muglia P, Merlo-Pich E, Matthews PM. Structural brain changes in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder presenting with anxiety symptoms. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21(4):375-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00515.xJegede O, Stefanovics EA, Rhee TG, Rosenheck RA. Multimorbidity and Correlates of Comorbid Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Nationally Representative US Sample. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2023;211(5):355-361. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001625Jegede O, Stefanovics EA, Rhee TG, Rosenheck RA. Multimorbidity and Correlates of Comorbid Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Nationally Representative US Sample. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2023;211(5):355-361. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001625Johnson MR, Lydiard RB. Comorbidity of major depression and panic disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54(2):201-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199802)54:2<201::aid-jclp9>3.0.co;2-uJohnson MR, Lydiard RB. Comorbidity of major depression and panic disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54(2):201-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199802)54:2<201::aid-jclp9>3.0.co;2-uKapadia M, Desai M, Parikh R. Fractures in the framework: limitations of classification systems in psychiatry. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2020;22(1):17-26. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/rparikhKapadia M, Desai M, Parikh R. Fractures in the framework: limitations of classification systems in psychiatry. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2020;22(1):17-26. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/rparikhKatz C, Yaseen ZS, Mojtabai R, Cohen LJ, Galynker II. Panic as an independent risk factor for suicide attempt in depressive illness: findings from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(12):1628-35. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06186bluKatz C, Yaseen ZS, Mojtabai R, Cohen LJ, Galynker II. Panic as an independent risk factor for suicide attempt in depressive illness: findings from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(12):1628-35. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06186bluKeller MB. Past, present, and future directions for defining optimal treatment outcome in depression: remission and beyond. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3152-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3152Keller MB. Past, present, and future directions for defining optimal treatment outcome in depression: remission and beyond. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3152-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3152Kelly KM, Mezuk B. Predictors of remission from generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:467-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.042Kelly KM, Mezuk B. Predictors of remission from generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:467-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.042Kennedy N, Foy K, Sherazi R, McDonough M, McKeon P. Long-term social functioning after depression treated by psychiatrists: a review. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(1-2):25-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00326.xKennedy N, Foy K, Sherazi R, McDonough M, McKeon P. Long-term social functioning after depression treated by psychiatrists: a review. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(1-2):25-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00326.xKessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Mohlman J, Shear MK, Dew MA, Schulz R, Miller MD, Tracey B, Reynolds CF 3rd. Generalized anxiety disorder in late life: lifetime course and comorbidity with major depressive disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13(1):77-80. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.1.77Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Mohlman J, Shear MK, Dew MA, Schulz R, Miller MD, Tracey B, Reynolds CF 3rd. Generalized anxiety disorder in late life: lifetime course and comorbidity with major depressive disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13(1):77-80. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.1.77Leonard BE, Myint A. The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(3):165-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1011Leonard BE, Myint A. The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(3):165-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1011Lewinsohn PM, Gotlib IH, Seeley JR. Adolescent psychopathology: IV. Specificity of psychosocial risk factors for depression and substance abuse in older adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(9):1221-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199509000-00021Lewinsohn PM, Gotlib IH, Seeley JR. Adolescent psychopathology: IV. Specificity of psychosocial risk factors for depression and substance abuse in older adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(9):1221-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199509000-00021Liu Y, Zhao J, Guo W. Emotional Roles of Mono-Aminergic Neurotransmitters in Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02201Liu Y, Zhao J, Guo W. Emotional Roles of Mono-Aminergic Neurotransmitters in Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02201Maj M. «Psychiatric comorbidity»: an artefact of current diagnostic systems? Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:182-4. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.3.182Maj M. «Psychiatric comorbidity»: an artefact of current diagnostic systems? Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:182-4. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.3.182May R. Oedipal grief. Int J Psychoanal Psychother. 1978-1979;7:385-404.May R. Oedipal grief. Int J Psychoanal Psychother. 1978-1979;7:385-404.McGrath JJ, Lim CCW, Plana-Ripoll O, et al. Comorbidity within mental disorders: a comprehensive analysis based on 145 990 survey respondents from 27 countries. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000633.McGrath JJ, Lim CCW, Plana-Ripoll O, et al. Comorbidity within mental disorders: a comprehensive analysis based on 145 990 survey respondents from 27 countries. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000633.Melartin TK, Rytsälä HJ, Leskelä US, Lestelä-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsä ET. Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSMIV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(2):126-34.Melartin TK, Rytsälä HJ, Leskelä US, Lestelä-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsä ET. Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSMIV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(2):126-34.Meller WH, Kathol RG, Samuelson SD, Gehris TL, Carroll BT, Pitts AF, Clayton PJ. CRH challenge test in anxious depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;37(6):376-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00132-MMeller WH, Kathol RG, Samuelson SD, Gehris TL, Carroll BT, Pitts AF, Clayton PJ. CRH challenge test in anxious depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;37(6):376-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00132-MMellick WH, Mills JA, Kroska EB, Calarge CA, Sharp C, Dindo LN. Experiential Avoidance Predicts Persistence of Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Late Adolescence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(6):18m12265. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18m12265Mellick WH, Mills JA, Kroska EB, Calarge CA, Sharp C, Dindo LN. Experiential Avoidance Predicts Persistence of Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Late Adolescence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(6):18m12265. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18m12265Milrod B. Separation Anxiety and Other Anxiety Disorders. In: Pini, S., Milrod, B. (eds) Separation Anxiety in Adulthood. Springer, Cham, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37446-3_5Milrod B. Separation Anxiety and Other Anxiety Disorders. In: Pini, S., Milrod, B. (eds) Separation Anxiety in Adulthood. Springer, Cham, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37446-3_5Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Caspi A, Kim-Cohen J, Goldberg D, Gregory AM, Poulton R. Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(6):651-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.651.Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Caspi A, Kim-Cohen J, Goldberg D, Gregory AM, Poulton R. Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(6):651-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.651.Morneau-Vaillancourt G, Coleman JRI, Purves KL, Cheesman R, Rayner C, Breen G, Eley TC. The genetic and environmental hierarchical structure of anxiety and depression in the UK Biobank. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37(6):512-520. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22991Morneau-Vaillancourt G, Coleman JRI, Purves KL, Cheesman R, Rayner C, Breen G, Eley TC. The genetic and environmental hierarchical structure of anxiety and depression in the UK Biobank. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37(6):512-520. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22991Nam YY, Kim CH, Roh D. Comorbid panic disorder as an independent risk factor for suicide attempts in depressed outpatients. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;67:13-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.02.011Nam YY, Kim CH, Roh D. Comorbid panic disorder as an independent risk factor for suicide attempts in depressed outpatients. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;67:13-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.02.011Nordgaard J, Nielsen KM, Rasmussen AR, Henriksen MG. Psychiatric comorbidity: a concept in need of a theory. Psychol Med. 2023;53(13):5902-5908. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723001605Nordgaard J, Nielsen KM, Rasmussen AR, Henriksen MG. Psychiatric comorbidity: a concept in need of a theory. Psychol Med. 2023;53(13):5902-5908. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723001605Nutt DJ, Stein DJ. Understanding the neurobiology of comorbidity in anxiety disorders. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(10 Suppl 12):13-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900025803Nutt DJ, Stein DJ. Understanding the neurobiology of comorbidity in anxiety disorders. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(10 Suppl 12):13-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900025803Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(3):235-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(3):235-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018Otte C. Incomplete remission in depression: role of psychiatric and somatic comorbidity. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10(4):453-60. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.4/cotteOtte C. Incomplete remission in depression: role of psychiatric and somatic comorbidity. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10(4):453-60. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.4/cottePaykel ES. Partial remission, residual symptoms, and relapse in depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10(4):431-7. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.4/espaykelPaykel ES. Partial remission, residual symptoms, and relapse in depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10(4):431-7. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.4/espaykelPenninx BW, Nolen WA, Lamers F, et al. Two-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders: results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J Affect Disord. 2011;133(1-2):76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.027Penninx BW, Nolen WA, Lamers F, et al. Two-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders: results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J Affect Disord. 2011;133(1-2):76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.027Plana-Ripoll O, Pedersen CB, Holtz Y, et al. Exploring Comorbidity Within Mental Disorders Among a Danish National Population. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(3):259-270. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658Plana-Ripoll O, Pedersen CB, Holtz Y, et al. Exploring Comorbidity Within Mental Disorders Among a Danish National Population. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(3):259-270. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658Pollack MH. Comorbid anxiety and depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 8:22-9.Pollack MH. Comorbid anxiety and depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 8:22-9.Rakitzi S. Agoraphobia. In: Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy. Springer, Cham, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27837-2_8Rakitzi S. Agoraphobia. In: Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy. Springer, Cham, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27837-2_8Rao ML, Vartzopoulos D, Fels K. Thyroid function in anxious and depressed patients. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1989;22(2):66-70. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1014580Rao ML, Vartzopoulos D, Fels K. Thyroid function in anxious and depressed patients. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1989;22(2):66-70. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1014580Rudden M, Busch FN, Milrod B, Singer M, Aronson A, Roiphe J, Shapiro T. Panic disorder and depression: a psychodynamic exploration of comorbidity. Int J Psychoanal. 2003;84(Pt 4):997-1015. https://doi.org/10.1516/002075703768284722Rudden M, Busch FN, Milrod B, Singer M, Aronson A, Roiphe J, Shapiro T. Panic disorder and depression: a psychodynamic exploration of comorbidity. Int J Psychoanal. 2003;84(Pt 4):997-1015. https://doi.org/10.1516/002075703768284722Rudenstine S, Espinosa A, Kumar A. Depression and Anxiety Subgroups Across Alcohol Use Disorder and Substance Use in a National Epidemiologic Study. J Dual Diagn. 2020;16(3):299-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2020.1784498Rudenstine S, Espinosa A, Kumar A. Depression and Anxiety Subgroups Across Alcohol Use Disorder and Substance Use in a National Epidemiologic Study. J Dual Diagn. 2020;16(3):299-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2020.1784498Sareen J, Cox BJ, Afifi TO, et al. Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: a population-based longitudinal study of adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(11):1249-57. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.124Sareen J, Cox BJ, Afifi TO, et al. Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: a population-based longitudinal study of adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(11):1249-57. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.124Shim IH, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Associations between immune activation and the current severity of the «with anxious distress» specifier in patients with depressive disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;42:27-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.07.003Shim IH, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Associations between immune activation and the current severity of the «with anxious distress» specifier in patients with depressive disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;42:27-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.07.003Sindermann L, Redlich R, Opel N, Böhnlein J, Dannlowski U, Leehr EJ. Systematic transdiagnostic review of magnetic-resonance imaging results: Depression, anxiety disorders and their co-occurrence. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;142:226-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.022Sindermann L, Redlich R, Opel N, Böhnlein J, Dannlowski U, Leehr EJ. Systematic transdiagnostic review of magnetic-resonance imaging results: Depression, anxiety disorders and their co-occurrence. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;142:226-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.022Ter Meulen WG, Draisma S, van Hemert AM, et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders in concert-A synthesis of findings on comorbidity in the NESDA study. J Affect Disord. 2021;284:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.004Ter Meulen WG, Draisma S, van Hemert AM, et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders in concert-A synthesis of findings on comorbidity in the NESDA study. J Affect Disord. 2021;284:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.004Troubat R, Barone P, Leman S, et al. Neuroinflammation and depression: A review. Eur J Neurosci. 2021;53(1):151-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14720Troubat R, Barone P, Leman S, et al. Neuroinflammation and depression: A review. Eur J Neurosci. 2021;53(1):151-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14720Turna J, Simpson W, Patterson B, et al. Cannabis use behaviors and prevalence of anxiety and depres sive symptoms in a cohort of Canadian medicinal cannabis users. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;111:134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.024Turna J, Simpson W, Patterson B, et al. Cannabis use behaviors and prevalence of anxiety and depres sive symptoms in a cohort of Canadian medicinal cannabis users. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;111:134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.024van Balkom AJ, van BCA, Boeke AJ, et al. Comorbid depression, but comorbid anxiety disorders, predicts poor outcome in anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(5):408-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20386van Balkom AJ, van BCA, Boeke AJ, et al. Comorbid depression, but comorbid anxiety disorders, predicts poor outcome in anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(5):408-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20386van Loo HM, Schoevers RA, Kendler KS, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity does not only depend on diagnostic thresholds: an illustration with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(2):143-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22453van Loo HM, Schoevers RA, Kendler KS, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity does not only depend on diagnostic thresholds: an illustration with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(2):143-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22453van Oudheusden LJ, Meynen G, van Balkom AJ. Psychiatrische comorbiditeit: theoretische en klinische dilemma’s. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2015;57(9):664-71van Oudheusden LJ, Meynen G, van Balkom AJ. Psychiatrische comorbiditeit: theoretische en klinische dilemma’s. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2015;57(9):664-71van Tol MJ, Demenescu LR, van der Wee NJ, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of emotional word encoding and recognition in depression and anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71(7):593-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.016van Tol MJ, Demenescu LR, van der Wee NJ, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of emotional word encoding and recognition in depression and anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71(7):593-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.016van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, van den Heuvel OA, et al. Regional brain volume in depression and anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(10):1002-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.121van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, van den Heuvel OA, et al. Regional brain volume in depression and anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(10):1002-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.121Williams JB. The multiaxial system of DSM-III: where did it come from and where should it go? I. Its origins and critiques. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42(2):175-80. https://doi.org/10.1001/arch-psyc.1985.01790250069009Williams JB. The multiaxial system of DSM-III: where did it come from and where should it go? I. Its origins and critiques. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42(2):175-80. https://doi.org/10.1001/arch-psyc.1985.01790250069009Zbozinek TD, Rose RD, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, et al. Diagnostic overlap of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder in a primary care sample. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(12):1065-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22026Zbozinek TD, Rose RD, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, et al. Diagnostic overlap of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder in a primary care sample. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(12):1065-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22026Zellner MR, Watt DF, Solms M, Panksepp J. Affective neuroscientific and neuropsychoanalytic approaches to two intractable psychiatric problems: why depression feels so bad and what addicts really want. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(9):2000-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.01.003Zellner MR, Watt DF, Solms M, Panksepp J. Affective neuroscientific and neuropsychoanalytic approaches to two intractable psychiatric problems: why depression feels so bad and what addicts really want. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(9):2000-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.01.003Zheng ZH, Tu JL, Li XH, et al. Neuroinflammation induces anxiety- and depressive-like behavior by modulating neuronal plasticity in the basolateral amygdala. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91:505-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.007Zheng ZH, Tu JL, Li XH, et al. Neuroinflammation induces anxiety- and depressive-like behavior by modulating neuronal plasticity in the basolateral amygdala. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91:505-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.007

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.