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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bekhterev</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М.Бехтерева</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7053</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-055X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>V. M. BEKHTEREV  NATIONAL  RESEARCH  MEDICAL  CENTER  FOR  PSYCHIATRY  AND  NEUROLOGY                           OF    THE  RUSSIAN  FEDERATION   MINISTRY  OF  HEALTH</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31363/2313-7053-2025-3-1058</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bekhterev-1174</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Неблагоприятный детский опыт: термины, концепции и методы анализа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Adverse childhood experiences: terms, concepts, and study methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2859-8626</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шумская</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumskaia</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шумская Диана Сергеевна — младший научный сотрудник отделения геномики психических расстройств.</p><p>192019, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana S. Shumskaia.</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shumskaya.diana@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-4203</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трусова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trusova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Трусова Анна Владимировна — к.пс.н., доцент кафедры медицинской психологии и психофизиологии ФГБОУ ВО «СПбГУ»; старший научный сотрудник отделения терапии стационарных больных с аддиктивными расстройствами ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В.М. Бехтерева».</p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская набережная 7-9; 192019, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Trusova.</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna.v.trusova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8771-625X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кибитов</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kibitov</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кибитов Александр Олегович — д.м.н., руководитель отделения геномики психических расстройств ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В.М. Бехтерева»; заведующий лабораторией клинической фармакологии аддиктивных состояний Института фармакологии им. А.В. Вальдмана ФГБОУ ВО «ПСПбГМУ им. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России.</p><p>192019, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева 3; 197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander O. Kibitov.</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">druggen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology; Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева; Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology; I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>59</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шумская Д.С., Трусова А.В., Кибитов А.О., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шумская Д.С., Трусова А.В., Кибитов А.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shumskaia D.S., Trusova A.V., Kibitov A.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bekhterevreview.com/jour/article/view/1174">https://www.bekhterevreview.com/jour/article/view/1174</self-uri><abstract><p>Неблагоприятный детский опыт (НДО) считается одним из ключевых факторов риска развития психических расстройств. Особую актуальность изучению НДО придают результаты современных исследований об устойчивой и значимой ассоциации НДО с повышенным уровнем риска суицида в целом, и прежде всего у пациентов с психическими расстройствами: депрессией, шизофренией, биполярным аффективным расстройством. Таким образом, корректный анализ спектра, степени выраженности и тяжести НДО исключительно важен для построения комплексных многомерных моделей предикции уровня суицидального риска у пациентов с психическим расстройствами. Однако, на сегодняшний день нет единого и общепринятого подхода к оценке НДО, что может приводить к конфликтности и низкому уровню воспроизводимости результатов.</p><p>Цель настоящего обзора: анализ и сопоставление различных вариантов оценки и интерпретации НДО для выделения оптимальных исследовательских алгоритмов в рамках современной трактовки биопсихосоциальной модели в психиатрии.</p><p>В обзоре проведен анализ современных терминов, концепций и методологий изучения НДО. Обсуждаются определения и феноменология НДО, специфика и особенности некоторых методологических схем оценки НДО, а также различные подходы к использованию НДО для построения прогностических моделей.</p><p>Таким образом, исследования НДО и его последствий активно развивается: происходит пересмотр и уточнение данных предыдущих исследований, совершенствуются способы выявления и оценки НДО, улучшаются методы прогноза последствий НДО во взрослом возрасте. Происходит становление и уточнение теоретических положений и вводятся определения понятий, которым ранее не уделялось должного внимания. Несмотря на существование разных подходов к изучению последствий НДО у взрослых, на современном этапе развития исследований наиболее оптимальным представляется анализ НДО в рамках биопсихосоциальной модели с фокусом на взаимодействие генома и окружающей среды, а также с учётом сложных эффектов генетических, социальных и личностных факторов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Adverse childhood experience (ACE) is considered one of the key predictors of the development of mental disorders. The findings of recent research show the stable and significant association of ACE with increased suicide risk in general, and primarily in patients with mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar affective disorder. This makes the study of ACE particularly relevant. Thus, correct analysis of the spectrum, intensity, and severity of ACE is extremely important for the construction of complex multidimensional predicting models of the level of suicide risk in patients with mental disorders. However, to date, there is no unique and universally accepted approach to assessment of ACE, which may lead to controversy and low reproducibility of results.</p><p>The purpose of this review is to examine and compare various methods of assessing and interpreting of ACE in order to identify optimal research algorithms within the current interpretation of the biopsychosocial model in psychiatry.</p><p>This article reviews current terms, concepts, and methods of studying ACE. We discuss the definitions and phenomenology of the ACE, the specificity and features of some of the methodological approaches to measuring ACE, and various approaches to using ACE to build predictive models.</p><p>To summarize, research on ACE and its consequences is actively developing: earlier studies’ data are being corrected and clarified, methods of detecting and grading ACE are being improved, and ways of forecasting the consequences of ACE in adulthood are being improved. We can see that theoretical claims are becoming more developed and refined; rigorous definitions are emerging, despite not previously being the focus of attention. Despite the existence of different approaches to the examination of the consequences of ACE in adulthood, at the current stage of research development, the best approach is to analyze ACE within the framework of the biopsychosocial model, focusing on the interaction of genome and environment and taking into account the complex effects of genetic, social, and personal factors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неблагоприятный детский опыт (НДО)</kwd><kwd>биопсихосоциальная модель</kwd><kwd>методы оценки НДО</kwd><kwd>ACE-IQ</kwd><kwd>CTQ</kwd><kwd>последствия НДО</kwd><kwd>психические расстройства</kwd><kwd>риск суицида</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adverse childhood experience (ACE)</kwd><kwd>biopsychosocial model</kwd><kwd>ACE evaluation methods</kwd><kwd>ACE-IQ</kwd><kwd>CTQ</kwd><kwd>ACE outcomes</kwd><kwd>mental disorders</kwd><kwd>suicidal risk</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование поддержано грантом РНФ № 23-15-00347 «Модели прогноза высокого риска суицида у пациентов с психическими расстройствами на основе комплексного анализа взаимодействия генома и неблагоприятного детского опыта».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by RSF grant № 23-15-00347 «Predictive models for a high suicide risk in patients with mental disorders based on a comprehensive analysis of the interaction of the genome and adverse childhood experiences»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Касьянов Е.Д., Рукавишников Г.В., Кибитов А.О., Мазо Г.Э. 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