<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bekhterev</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М.Бехтерева</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7053</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-055X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>V. M. BEKHTEREV  NATIONAL  RESEARCH  MEDICAL  CENTER  FOR  PSYCHIATRY  AND  NEUROLOGY                           OF    THE  RUSSIAN  FEDERATION   MINISTRY  OF  HEALTH</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31363/2313-7053-2025-4-1188</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bekhterev-1226</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Специфические для генотипа результаты терапии алкогольной зависимости: DRD4 для эффективности цианамида и DRD2 для реакции на плацебо</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genotype-Specific Treatment Outcomes in Alcohol Dependence: DRD4 for Cyanamide effect and DRD2 for Placebo Response</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8771-625X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кибитов</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kibitov</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кибитов Александр Олегович— доктор медицинских наук, руководитель отделения геномики психических расстройств; заведующий лабораторией клинической фармакологии аддиктивных состояний Института фармакологии им. А.В. Вальдмана</p><p>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, 3;</p><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander O. Kibitov</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">druggen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1797-1121</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбакова</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybakova</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рыбакова Ксения Валерьевна— доктор медицинских наук, руководитель отделения терапии стационарных больных с аддиктивными расстройствами</p><p>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia V. Rybakova</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kvrybakova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесников</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnikov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колесников Дмитрий Александрович - ординатор отделения терапии стационарных больных с аддиктивными расстройствами</p><p>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Kolesnikov</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitrikolesnikov99@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9734-5344</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скурат</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skurat</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Скурат Евгения Петровна — специалист, научный сотрудник</p><p>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenia P. Skurat</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skuratevgenia@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-4525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупицкий</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupitsky</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Крупицкий Евгений Михайлович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заместитель директора по научной работе, директор Института аддиктологии НМИЦ ПН имени В.М. Бехтерева Минздрава России; директор Института фармакологии им. А.В. Вальдмана</p><p>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, 3;</p><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny M. Krupitsky</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kruenator@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева; Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology; I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>59</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кибитов А.О., Рыбакова К.В., Колесников Д.А., Скурат Е.П., Крупицкий Е.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кибитов А.О., Рыбакова К.В., Колесников Д.А., Скурат Е.П., Крупицкий Е.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kibitov A.O., Rybakova K.V., Kolesnikov D.A., Skurat E.P., Krupitsky E.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bekhterevreview.com/jour/article/view/1226">https://www.bekhterevreview.com/jour/article/view/1226</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность: Фармакогенетические маркеры представляют собой перспективный инструмент для персонализированного подхода к лечению алкогольной зависимости (АЗ). Предшествующие исследования с использованием доминантных моделей выявили ряд ассоциаций полиморфизмов в генах дофаминовой системы с эффективностью терапии дисульфирамом и цианамидом, однако не позволили оценить влияние отдельных генотипов. Цель: изучить ассоциации конкретных генотипов патогенетической панели фармакогенетических маркеров с эффективностью дисульфирама и цианамида для стабилизации ремиссии у пациентов с АЗ. Методы: Фармакогенетическое исследование проведено на основе 12-тинедельного двойного слепого рандомизированного сравнительного плацебо-контролируемого клинического исследования эффективности и переносимости дисульфирама и цианамида в терапии АЗ. В исследование было включено 150 пациентов с АЗ (ср. возраст — 40,65±1,09 лет, 19,3% женщин), которые были рандомизированы в три группы терапии: дисульфирам, цианамид и плацебо. Генетическая панель включала 15 полиморфных локусов в 9 генах, связанных с дофаминовой и опиоидной системами, а также кластера фермента альдегиддегидрогеназы. Результаты: Обнаружена связь гомозиготного генотипа CC по rs1800955 в гене дофаминового рецептора типа 4 (DRD4) с более длительным удержанием в программе терапии в группе пациентов, получавших цианамид (тенденция на границе значимости, p=0,052). В то же время, гомозиготный генотип АА по rs6275 в гене дофаминового рецептора типа 2 (DRD2) был ассоциирован с повышенным риском быстрого выбывания из терапии в группе плацебо (p=0,015). Заключение: выявлены предварительные фармакогенетические маркеры эффективности лечения алкогольной зависимости на уровне отдельных генотипов, что оптимально для применения результатов фармакогенетического исследования в практической медицине. После валидации они могут быть использованы для стратификации пациентов и оптимизации персонализированной терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Pharmacogenetic markers are a promising tool for a personalized approach to treating alcohol dependence (AD). Previous studies using dominant models have identified several associations between polymorphisms in dopamine system genes and the efficacy of disulfiram and cyanamide therapy, but they did not allow for an evaluation of the influence of individual genotypes. Objective: To study the associations of specific genotypes from a pathogenetic panel of pharmacogenetic markers with the efficacy of disulfiram and cyanamide for stabilizing remission in patients with AD. Methods: The pharmacogenetic study was based on a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, comparative, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy and tolerability of disulfiram and cyanamide in AD therapy. The study included 150 detoxified patients with AD (mean age 40.65±1.09 years, 19.3% women) who were randomized into three treatment groups: disulfiram, cyanamide, and placebo. The genetic panel included 15 polymorphic loci in 9 genes related to the dopamine and opioid systems, as well as the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme cluster. Results: The homozygous CC genotype of rs1800955 in the dopamine receptor type 4 (DRD4) gene was associated with longer retention in the treatment program for patients receiving cyanamide (tendency at the border of significance, p=0.052). At the same time, the homozygous AA genotype of rs6275 in the dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) gene was associated with a higher risk of rapid dropout from therapy in the placebo group (p=0.015). Conclusion: Preliminary pharmacogenetic markers for the efficacy of alcohol dependence treatment have been identified at the level of specific genotypes. This approach is optimal for the practical application of pharmacogenetic research in clinical medicine. After validation, these markers can be used for patient stratification and the optimization of personalized therapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алкогольная зависимость</kwd><kwd>фармакотерапия</kwd><kwd>сенсибилизируюшая терапия</kwd><kwd>дисульфирам</kwd><kwd>цианамид</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>дофамин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>alcohol dependence</kwd><kwd>pharmacotherapy</kwd><kwd>sensitizing therapy</kwd><kwd>disulfiram</kwd><kwd>cyanamide</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>dopamine</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НМИЦ ПН им. В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава Российской Федерации 2024-2026 гг. (XSOZ 2024 0014).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed within the framework of the state assignment of the FSBI «V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 2024-2026 (XSOZ 2024 0014).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анохина И.П. Основные биологические механизмы зависимости от психоактивных веществ. Вопросы наркологии. 2013;6:40-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anokhina IP. Main biological mechanisms of psychoactive substance addiction. Voprosy narkologii. 2013;6:40-59. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гриневич В.П., Немец В.В., Крупицкий Е.М., Гайнетдинов Р.Р., Будыгин Е.А. Роль дофамина и норадреналина в алкоголь-зависимом поведении: от корреляций к механизмам Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. 2022;56(3):13-29. https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2022-56-3-13-29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinevich VP, Nemets VV, Krupitsky EM, Gainetdinov RR, Budygin EA. Dopamine and norepinephrine role in alcohol-addictive behavior: from correlations to mechanisms. Obozrenie psihiatrii i medicinskoj psihologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. 2022;56(3):13-29. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2022-56-3-13-29</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кибитов А.О. Возможности и перспективы фармакогенетических исследований в наркологии: профилактика, терапия, реабилитация Вопросы наркологии. 2016;3:3-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kibitov AO. Scope and prospects of pharmacogenetic research in narcology: prevention, therapy, rehabilitation. Voprosy narkologii. 2016;3:3-29. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кибитов А.О. Генетические аспекты наркологических заболеваний Москва.: Прометей; 2021;</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kibitov A.O. Geneticheskie aspekty narkologicheskikh zabolevanij Moskva.: Prometej; 2021. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кибитов А.О., Анохина И.П. Этиология и патогенез наркологических заболеваний: критическая роль генетических факторов. Вопросы наркологии. 2017;2-3:42–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kibitov AO, Anokhina IP. Etiology and pathogenesis of substance use disorders: a critical role of genetic factors. Voprosy narkologii. 2017;2-3:42-85 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кибитов А.О., Бродянский В.М., Рыбакова К.В., Соловьева М.Г., Скурат Е.П., Чупрова Н.А., Николишин А.Е., Крупицкий Е.М. Фармакогенетические маркеры эффективности терапии алкогольной зависимости прегабалином - модулятором систем ГАМК и глутамата. Вопросы наркологии. 2018;10-11:101-150</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kibitov AO, Brodyansky VM, Rybakova KV, Solovieva MG, Skurat EP, Chuprova NA, Nikolishin AE, Krupitsky EM. Pharmacogenetic markers of the efficiency of alcohol dependence therapy with pregabalin, a modulator of the GABA and glutamate systems. Voprosy narkologii. 2018;10-11:101-150 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кибитов А.О., Рыбакова К.В., Бродянский В.М., Бернцев В.А., Скурат Е.П., Крупицкий Е.М. Сравнительный фармакогенетический анализ эффективности дисульфирама и цианамида при стабилизации ремиссии при синдроме зависимости от алкоголя: ключевая роль полиморфизма генов дофаминовой нейромедиации. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. 2024;58(1):115-130. https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2024-833</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kibitov AO, Rybakova KV, Brodyansky VM, Berntsev VA, Skurat EP, Krupitsky EM. Comparative pharmacogenetic study of disulfiram or cyanamide efficacy for alcohol dependence: the key role of dopamine neurotransmission gene polymorphisms. Obozrenie psihiatrii i medicinskoj psihologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. 2024;58(1):115-130. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2024-833</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кибитов А.О., Рыбакова К.В., Соловьева М.Г., Скурат Е.П., Чупрова Н.А., Меркулова Т.В., Крупицкий Е.М. Социально-демографические и анамнестические характеристики пациентов с алкогольной зависимостью и полиморфизм генов систем ГАМК-глутамата и дофамина. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2021;31(1):5-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kibitov AO, Rybakova KV, Solov`eva MG, Skurat EP, Chuprova NA, Merkulova TV, Krupitsky EM. Socio-demographic and case history characteristics of patients with alcohol addiction and gene polymorphism in GABA-glutamate and dopamine systems. Soczial`naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya. 2021;31(1):5-19. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крупицкий Е.М. Применение фармакологических средств для стабилизации ремиссий и профилактики рецидивов при алкоголизме: зарубежные исследования. Вопросы наркологии. 2003;1:51–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krupitsky EM. Pharmacological interventions for stabilization of remission and relapse prevention in alcohol use disorder: international research. Voprosy` narkologii. 2003;1:51–61. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крупицкий Е.М., Ахметова Э.А., Асадуллин А.Р. Фармакогенетика химических зависимостей. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. 2019;(4-1):12-20. https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2019-4-1-12-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krupitsky EM, Akhmetova EA, Asadullin AR. Pharmacogenetics of chemical addictions. Obozrenie psihiatrii i medicinskoj psihologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. 2019;(4-1):12-20. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2019-4-1-12-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крупицкий Е.М., Бернцев В.А., Рыбакова К.В., Киселев А.С. Двойное слепое рандомизированное сравнительное плацебо-контролируемое исследование эффективности и переносимости дисульфирама и цианамида в терапии синдрома зависимости от алкоголя. Наркология. 2020;19(8):41-55. https://doi.org/10.25557/1682-8313.2020.08.41-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krupitsky EM, Berntsev VA, Rybakova KV, Kiselev AS. A double blind placebo controlled randomized comparative clinical trial of efficacy and safety of disulfiram and cyanamid for alcohol dependence. Narkologiya. 2020;19(8):41-55. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25557/1682-8313.2020.08.41-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыбакова К.В., Дубинина Л.А., Рыбакова Т.Г., Киселев А.С., Незнанов Н.Г., Зубова Е.Ю., Крупицкий Е.М. Предикторы длительности ремиссии алкогольной зависимости у больных с различным качеством ремиссии. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. 2014;3:31-37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rybakova KV, Dubinina LA, Rybakova TG, Kiselev AS, Neznanov NG, Zubova EYu, Krupitsky ЕМ, Predictors of duration of remission of alcohol dependence in patients with different quality of remission Obozrenie psikhiatrii i mediczinskoj psikhologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. 2014;3:31-37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abrahams S, McFie S, Lacerda M, Patricios J, Suter J, September AV, Posthumus M. Unravelling the interaction between the DRD2 and DRD4 genes, personality traits and concussion risk. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5(1):000465. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abrahams S, McFie S, Lacerda M, Patricios J, Suter J, September AV, Posthumus M. Unravelling the interaction between the DRD2 and DRD4 genes, personality traits and concussion risk. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5(1):000465. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agam Y, Vangel M, Roffman JL, Gallagher PJ, Chaponis J, Haddad S, Goff DC, Greenberg JL, Wilhelm S, Smoller JW, Manoach DS. Dissociable genetic contributions to error processing: a multimodal neuroimaging study. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):101784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101784</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agam Y, Vangel M, Roffman JL, Gallagher PJ, Chaponis J, Haddad S, Goff DC, Greenberg JL, Wilhelm S, Smoller JW, Manoach DS. Dissociable genetic contributions to error processing: a multimodal neuroimaging study. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):101784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101784</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balestri M, Calati R, Serretti A, De Ronchi D. Genetic modulation of personality traits: a systematic review of the literature. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0b013e328364590b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balestri M, Calati R, Serretti A, De Ronchi D. Genetic modulation of personality traits: a systematic review of the literature. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0b013e328364590b</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barth KS, Malcolm RJ. Disulfiram: an old therapeutic with new applications. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2010;9(1):5-12. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152710790966678</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barth KS, Malcolm RJ. Disulfiram: an old therapeutic with new applications. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2010;9(1):5-12. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152710790966678</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell RL, Franklin KM, Hauser ShR, Zhou FC. Introduction to the Special Issue “Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence” and a Summary of Patents Targeting other Neurotransmitter Systems. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2012;7(2):93–112. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488912800673155</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell RL, Franklin KM, Hauser ShR, Zhou FC. Introduction to the Special Issue “Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence” and a Summary of Patents Targeting other Neurotransmitter Systems. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2012;7(2):93–112. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488912800673155</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blum K, Han D, Bowirrat A, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Thanos PK, Baron D, Braverman ER, Dennen CA, Gupta A, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Llanos-Gomez L, Khalsa J, Barh D, McLaughlin T, Gold MS. Genetic Addiction Risk and Psychological Profiling Analyses for "Preaddiction" Severity Index. J Pers Med. 2022;12(11):1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blum K, Han D, Bowirrat A, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Thanos PK, Baron D, Braverman ER, Dennen CA, Gupta A, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Llanos-Gomez L, Khalsa J, Barh D, McLaughlin T, Gold MS. Genetic Addiction Risk and Psychological Profiling Analyses for "Preaddiction" Severity Index. J Pers Med. 2022;12(11):1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brewer C., Treel D. Antabuse treatment for alcoholism. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform: Kindle Edition, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brewer C., Treel D. Antabuse treatment for alcoholism. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform: Kindle Edition, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreher JC, Kohn P, Kolachana B, Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106(2):617-622. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805517106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreher JC, Kohn P, Kolachana B, Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106(2):617-622. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805517106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Femenía T, Manzanares J. Increased ethanol intake in prodynorphin knockout mice is associated to changes in opioid receptor function and dopamine transmission. Addict. Biol. 2012;17(2):322-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00378.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Femenía T, Manzanares J. Increased ethanol intake in prodynorphin knockout mice is associated to changes in opioid receptor function and dopamine transmission. Addict. Biol. 2012;17(2):322-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00378.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forero DA, López-León S, Shin HD, Park BL, Kim DJ. Meta-analysis of six genes (BDNF, DRD1, DRD3, DRD4, GRIN2B and MAOA) involved in neuroplasticity and the risk for alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;149:259-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forero DA, López-León S, Shin HD, Park BL, Kim DJ. Meta-analysis of six genes (BDNF, DRD1, DRD3, DRD4, GRIN2B and MAOA) involved in neuroplasticity and the risk for alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;149:259-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gingrich JA, Caron MG. Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1993;16:299-321. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gingrich JA, Caron MG. Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1993;16:299-321. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graham DP, Harding MJ, Nielsen DA. Pharmacogenetics of Addiction Therapy. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2547:437-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graham DP, Harding MJ, Nielsen DA. Pharmacogenetics of Addiction Therapy. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2547:437-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hartwell EE, Kranzler HR. Pharmacogenetics of alcohol use disorder treatments: an update. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019;15(7):553-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2019.1628218</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hartwell EE, Kranzler HR. Pharmacogenetics of alcohol use disorder treatments: an update. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019;15(7):553-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2019.1628218</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jørgensen ChH, Pedersen B, Tønnesen H. The Efficacy of Disulfiram for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35(10):1749-1758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01523.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jørgensen ChH, Pedersen B, Tønnesen H. The Efficacy of Disulfiram for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35(10):1749-1758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01523.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kranzler HR, Soyka M. Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review. JAMA.2018;320(8):815-824. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11406</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kranzler HR, Soyka M. Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review. JAMA.2018;320(8):815-824. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11406</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyers JL, Nyman E, Loukola A, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Dick DM. The association between DRD2/ANKK1 and genetically informed measures of alcohol use and problems. Addict Biol. 2013;18(3):523-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00490.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyers JL, Nyman E, Loukola A, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Dick DM. The association between DRD2/ANKK1 and genetically informed measures of alcohol use and problems. Addict Biol. 2013;18(3):523-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00490.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitaki S, Isomura M, Maniwa K, Yamasaki M, Nagai A, Nabika T, Yamaguchi S. Impact of five SNPs in dopamine-related genes on executive function. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;127(1):70-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01673.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitaki S, Isomura M, Maniwa K, Yamasaki M, Nagai A, Nabika T, Yamaguchi S. Impact of five SNPs in dopamine-related genes on executive function. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;127(1):70-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01673.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pettinati H.M., Weiss R.D., Miller W.R., Dundon W. Medical Management Treatment Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Medically Trained Clinicians Providing Pharmacotherapy as Part of the Treatment for Alcohol Dependence. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pettinati H.M., Weiss R.D., Miller W.R., Dundon W. Medical Management Treatment Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Medically Trained Clinicians Providing Pharmacotherapy as Part of the Treatment for Alcohol Dependence. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volkow ND, Morales M. The Brain on Drugs: From Reward to Addiction. Cell. 2015;162(4):712-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkow ND, Morales M. The Brain on Drugs: From Reward to Addiction. Cell. 2015;162(4):712-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health. WHO Press [who.int]. who; 2011 [cited June 18, 2025]. Available at: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/alcohol_2011/en/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health. WHO Press [who.int]. who; 2011 [cited June 18, 2025]. Available at: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/alcohol_2011/en/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
