References

bekhterev

Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М.Бехтерева

V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY

2313-70532713-055X

V. M. BEKHTEREV NATIONAL RESEARCH MEDICAL CENTER FOR PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MINISTRY OF HEALTH

10.31363/2313-7053-2026-2-1192

bekhterev-1379

Research Article

НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW

Роль импульсивности в патогенезе и клиническом течении алкогольной зависимости и других расстройств, связанных с употреблением алкоголя

The Role of Impulsivity in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Course of Alcohol Dependence and Other Alcohol Use Disorders

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-416X

Петровский

В. П.

Petrovskiy

V. P.

Петровский Владислав Павлович — научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики и фундаментальных исследований

109390, Москва, ул. Люблинская, 37/1)

Vladislav P. Petrovskiy

ludia@yandex.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4942-8556

Скрябин

В. Ю.

Skryabin

V. Yu.

Скрябин Валентин Юрьевич — к.м.н., заведующий лабораторией генетики и фундаментальных исследований

Valentin Yu. Skryabin

sardonios@yandex.ru

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7352-4686

Соколова

С. И.

Sokolova

S. I.

Соколова Светлана Игоревна — научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики и фундаментальных исследований

Svetlana I. Sokolova

sokolova.sveta5@mail.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9614-7343

Масякин

А. В.

Masyakin

A. V.

Масякин Антон Валерьевич — д.м.н., доцент, директор

Anton V. Masyakin

mnpcn@zdrav.mos.ru

Московский научно-практический центр наркологии ДЗМРоссияMoscow research and practical center on addictionsRussian Federation

2026

28052026

6022843

2026

Петровский В.П., Скрябин В.Ю., Соколова С.И., Масякин А.В.

Petrovskiy V.P., Skryabin V.Y., Sokolova S.I., Masyakin A.V.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.bekhterevreview.com/jour/article/view/1379

Импульсивность представляет собой многомерный психологический и нейрокогнитивный конструкт, включающий как устойчивые личностные особенности, так и ситуативные поведенческие реакции, чувствительные к стрессу, контексту и действию психоактивных веществ. Она играет значимую роль в формировании, клиническом течении и рецидивирующем характере алкогольной зависимости и других расстройств, связанных с употреблением алкоголя (РУА). В настоящем обзоре импульсивность анализируется с позиций ее структурных субкомпонентов, включая импульсивный выбор (дисконтирование задержки, особенности принятия решений), негативную и позитивную срочность, поиск ощущений, дефицит планирования, моторную и ожидательную импульсивность. Показано, что различные субкомпоненты в различной степени ассоциированы с ранним дебютом употребления, эскалацией потребления, выраженностью аддиктивного влечения, нарушением приверженности терапии и повышенным риском рецидива. Отдельное внимание уделено нейробиологическим механизмам импульсивности, связанным с функционированием фронтостриарных, префронтальных, лимбических и интероцептивных сетей, а также влиянию острых и хронических эффектов алкоголя на системы эмоциональной регуляции и исполнительного контроля. Обсуждается концепция импульсивности как набора кандидатных эндофенотипов, отражающих наследуемую уязвимость к алкогольной зависимости и подтверждаемых данными о наследуемости отдельных субкомпонентов, семейной отягощенности и устойчивости некоторых показателей в разные фазы заболевания. Рассматриваются психосоциальные и биологические подходы к коррекции импульсивности, включая когнитивно-поведенческие и личностно-таргетированные программы, методы, основанные на осознанности, тренинги исполнительных функций и перспективные нейромодуляционные вмешательства. Подчеркивается необходимость стандартизации методов оценки импульсивности, унификации критериев рецидива и развития персонализированных профилактических и терапевтических стратегий при алкогольной зависимости и других РУА.

Impulsivity is a multidimensional psychological and neurocognitive construct encompassing both stable personality traits and context-dependent behavioral tendencies sensitive to stress, emotional states, and the acute or chronic effects of psychoactive substances. It plays a critical role in the onset, progression, and recurrent course of alcohol dependence and other alcohol use disorders (AUDs). This review examines impulsivity through its principal structural components, including impulsive choice (delay discounting and decision-making deficits), negative and positive urgency, sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, and motor and anticipatory impulsivity. Evidence indicates that distinct subcomponents differentially contribute to early initiation of alcohol use, escalation of consumption, craving intensity, treatment non-adherence, and increased relapse risk. Special attention is given to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying impulsivity, involving dysregulation within frontostriatal, prefrontal, limbic, and interoceptive networks, as well as the modulatory effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on executive control and emotional regulation systems. The review also discusses the conceptualization of impulsivity as a set of candidate endophenotypes reflecting heritable vulnerability to alcohol dependence, supported by findings on the heritability of distinct impulsivity domains, their presence in unaffected relatives, and the relative stability of certain indices across clinical states. Therapeutic approaches targeting impulsivity are examined across psychosocial, cognitive, and biological domains, including cognitive-behavioral and personality-targeted interventions, mindfulness-based methods, executive-function training, and emerging neuromodulation strategies. The review highlights the need for standardized impulsivity assessment tools, harmonized relapse definitions, and the development of personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies for alcohol dependence and other AUDs.

импульсивностьрасстройствасвязанные с употреблением алкоголяингибиторный контрольдисконтирование задержкирецидивэндофенотип

impulsivityalcohol use disordersinhibitory controldelay discountingrelapseendophenotype

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.