bekhterevОбозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М.БехтереваV.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY2313-70532713-055XV. M. BEKHTEREV NATIONAL RESEARCH MEDICAL CENTER FOR PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MINISTRY OF HEALTH10.31363/2313-7053-2026-2-1189bekhterev-1381Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫSCIENTIFIC REVIEWОсобенности применения альтернативной и дополнительной коммуникации при моторных нарушениях у детей и взрослыхFeatures of the use of alternative and augmentative communication in motor disorders in children and adultshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2218-9716ШелепинК. Ю.ShelepinK. Yu.

Шелепин Константин Юрьевич — к.м.н., директор Института когнитивных наук и нейротехнологий

119034, Москва, Кропоткинский переулок, 23

Konstantin Yu. Shelepin

shelepin.k@serbsky.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3124-5540ШелепинЕ. Ю.ShelepinE. Yu.

Шелепин Евгений Юрьевич — младший научный сотрудник; генеральный директор

199034, Санкт- Петербург, наб. Макарова, д.6.

Evgeny Yu. Shelepin

ShelepinEY@infran.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-4348СкуратоваК. А.SkuratovaK. A.

Скуратова Ксения Андреевна — младший научный сотрудник

Ksenia A. Skuratova

kseskuratova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-5372-2395ЧаусовА. С.ChausovA. S.

Чаусов Александр Сергеевич — младший научный сотрудник Института когнитивных наук и нейротехнологий

119034, Москва, Кропоткинский переулок, 23

Alexander S. Chausov

eyetracking.research@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-2513-8359ЗубкоВ. М.ZubkoV. M.

Зубко Вероника Максимовна — младший научный сотрудник Института когнитивных наук и нейротехнологий

Veronika M. Zubko

q158veronika@gmail.comНМИЦ ПН им. В. П. СербскогоРоссияV.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and NeurologyRussian FederationИнститут физиологии им. И.П. Павлова Российской академии наук; ООО НейроиконикаРоссияI.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; LLC «Neuroiconica»Russian Federation2026280520266025871Copyright © Шелепин К.Ю., Шелепин Е.Ю., Скуратова К.А., Чаусов А.С., Зубко В.М., 20262026Шелепин К.Ю., Шелепин Е.Ю., Скуратова К.А., Чаусов А.С., Зубко В.М.Shelepin K.Y., Shelepin E.Y., Skuratova K.A., Chausov A.S., Zubko V.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.bekhterevreview.com/jour/article/view/1381

В научном обзоре обобщены современные данные о применении альтернативной и дополнительной коммуникации (АДК) при моторных нарушениях, сопровождающихся дефицитом или утратой речи, и проанализированы психологические и социальные последствия ограниченной коммуникации. Показано, что у детей такие нарушения препятствуют полноценному когнитивному и социальному развитию, затрудняют обучение и формирование межличностных связей, что ведёт к росту тревожности и снижению самооценки. У взрослых утрата речи связана с нарушением привычных социальных ролей, профессиональной активности и автономии, что усиливает риск депрессии и социальной изоляции. Применение АДК — от жестовых и пиктографических систем до высокотехнологичных устройств и интерфейсов «мозг–компьютер» — доказано повышает коммуникативные навыки, способствует включённости в образовательную, трудовую и общественную деятельность, улучшает эмоциональное состояние и снижает нагрузку на близких. Выявлено, что эффективность АДК во многом определяется своевременностью внедрения, индивидуальной адаптацией средств и участием междисциплинарной команды. Основными барьерами остаются недостаточная подготовка специалистов, финансовые и технические ограничения, страх стигматизации и несоответствие технологий потребностям пользователя. Перспективы развития АДК связаны с интеграцией искусственного интеллекта, расширением функциональности интерфейсов, персонализацией решений и формированием инклюзивной социальной среды. Сделан вывод о необходимости комплексного подхода, включающего раннее внедрение, обучение пользователей и окружения, а также развитие инфраструктуры поддержки, что способно существенно повысить качество жизни людей с моторными нарушениями.

The scientific review summarizes current data on the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in motor impairments accompanied by speech deficits or loss, and analyzes the psychological and social consequences of limited communication. It is shown that in children, such impairments hinder full cognitive and social development, complicate learning, and impede the formation of interpersonal relationships, which leads to increased anxiety and decreased self-esteem. In adults, speech loss is associated with disruption of habitual social roles, professional activity, and autonomy, increasing the risk of depression and social isolation. The use of AAC-ranging from gestural and pictographic systems to high-technology devices and brain–computer interfaces has been proven to enhance communication skills, promote inclusion in educational, professional, and social activities, improve emotional well-being, and reduce the burden on caregivers. The effectiveness of AAC largely depends on timely implementation, individual adaptation of tools, and the involvement of a multidisciplinary team. Key barriers include insufficient specialist training, financial and technical constraints, fear of stigmatization, and mismatches between technology and user needs. The future of AAC development lies in the integration of artificial intelligence, expansion of interface functionality, personalization of solutions, and the creation of an inclusive social environment. The review concludes that a comprehensive approach-encompassing early implementation, training for both users and their environment, and the development of support infrastructure can significantly improve the quality of life for people with motor impairments

альтернативная и дополнительная коммуникация (АДК)психологическое благополучиекоммуникативные технологииинтерфейсы «мозг-компьютер»неврологические нарушенияalternative and augmentative communication (AAC)psychological well-beingcommunication technologiesbrain-computer interfacesneurological disordersИсследование выполнено в рамках Государственного задания по теме: «Аппаратно-программный комплекс ассистивной коммуникации для диагностики аффективных и когнитивных нарушений у пациентов, утративших навыки экспрессивной речи и произвольных движений» (Регистрационный номер: 125013001136-1).The study was carried out within the framework of the state assignment on the topic: «Hardware and software system for assistive communication for the diagnosis of affective and cognitive disorders in patients who have lost expressive speech and voluntary movement skills» (Registration number: 125013001136-1)ReferencesВацекин С.С., Чурикова М.А., Карякина М.В. Сетевой анализ психопатологической симптоматики у больных шизофренией и расстройствами шизофренического спектра: дизайн исследования. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2022;32(2):44-49.Vachekin SS, Churikova MA, Karyakina MV. Network analysis of psychopathological symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenic spectrum disorders: design of the study. Sotsial’naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya. 2022;32(2):44-49. (In Russ.).Защиринская О.В., Белимова П.А. Когнитивные нарушения у подростков с расстройствами интеллектуального развития при декодировании символов альтернативной коммуникации разной иконичности. Российский психиатрический журнал. 2024;2:46–52.Zashehirinskaia OV, Belimova PA. Cognitive impairments in adolescents with disorders of intellectual development in decoding alternative communication symbols with varying iconicity. Rossiiskii psikhi atricheskii zhurnal. 2024;(2):46–52. (In Russ.).Шелепин К.Ю., Шелепин Е.Ю. Ассистивный комплекс «Стерх»: системы видеоокулографии в восстановительной медицине. Биотехнические системы и технологии. 2019:46-50.Shelepin KYu, Shelepin EYu. The “Sterkh” Assistive Complex: Videooculography Systems in Rehabilitation Medicine. Biotekhnicheskie sistemy i tekhnologii. 2019:46-50. (In Russ.).Alex F. Spinal muscular atrophy: a (now) treat able neurodegenerative disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2023;7:963-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2023.06.002Alex F. Spinal muscular atrophy: a (now) treat able neurodegenerative disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2023;7:963-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2023.06.002Andzik NR, Chung YC, Doneski-Nicol J, Dollarhide CT. AAC services in schools: a special educator’s perspective. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 2017;65(2):89-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2017.1368909Andzik NR, Chung YC, Doneski-Nicol J, Dollarhide CT. AAC services in schools: a special educator’s perspective. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 2017;65(2):89-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2017.1368909Augustine L, Lygnegård F, Granlund M. Trajectories of participation, mental health, and mental health problems in adolescents with self-reported neurodevelopmental disorders. Disability and Re habilitation. 2022;44(9):1595-1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1955304Augustine L, Lygnegård F, Granlund M. Trajectories of participation, mental health, and mental health problems in adolescents with self-reported neurodevelopmental disorders. Disability and Re habilitation. 2022;44(9):1595-1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1955304Avagyan A, Mkrtchyan H, Shafa FA, Mathew JA, Petrosyan T. Effectiveness and determinant variables of augmentative and alternative communication interventions in cerebral palsy patients with communication deficit: a systematic review. Co DAS. 2021;33(5):e20200244. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20202020244Avagyan A, Mkrtchyan H, Shafa FA, Mathew JA, Petrosyan T. Effectiveness and determinant variables of augmentative and alternative communication interventions in cerebral palsy patients with communication deficit: a systematic review. Co DAS. 2021;33(5):e20200244. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20202020244Ball LJ, Evans S, Chavez S, Leach M, Smart K. Communication of children diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy type 1: a parent survey. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016;9(3):151 160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2019.1586788Ball LJ, Evans S, Chavez S, Leach M, Smart K. Communication of children diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy type 1: a parent survey. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016;9(3):151 160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2019.1586788Ball LJ, Fager S, Fried-Oken M. Augmentative and alternative communication for people with progressive neuromuscular disease. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 2012;23(3):689-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2012.06.003Ball LJ, Fager S, Fried-Oken M. Augmentative and alternative communication for people with progressive neuromuscular disease. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 2012;23(3):689-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2012.06.003Bates R, Donegan M, Istance HO, Hansen JP, Räihä KJ. Introducing COGAIN: communication by gaze interaction. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2007;6:159-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-007-0077-9Bates R, Donegan M, Istance HO, Hansen JP, Räihä KJ. Introducing COGAIN: communication by gaze interaction. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2007;6:159-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-007-0077-9Berenguer C, Martínez ER, De Stasio S, Baixauli I. Parents’ perceptions and experiences with their children’s use of augmentative/alternative communication: a systematic review and qualitative me ta-synthesis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(13):8091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138091Berenguer C, Martínez ER, De Stasio S, Baixauli I. Parents’ perceptions and experiences with their children’s use of augmentative/alternative communication: a systematic review and qualitative me ta-synthesis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(13):8091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138091Beukelman D, Fager S, Ball L, Dietz A. AAC for adults with acquired neurological conditions: a review. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2007;23:230-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434610701553668Beukelman D, Fager S, Ball L, Dietz A. AAC for adults with acquired neurological conditions: a review. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2007;23:230-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434610701553668Beukelman D, Fager S, Nordness A. Communication support for people with ALS. Neurology Research International. 2011;2011:714693. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/714693Beukelman D, Fager S, Nordness A. Communication support for people with ALS. Neurology Research International. 2011;2011:714693. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/714693Beukelman D.R., Garrett K.L., Yorkston K.M. Augmentative communication strategies for adults with acute or chronic medical conditions. Paul H. Brookes Publishing. 2007.Beukelman D.R., Garrett K.L., Yorkston K.M. Augmentative communication strategies for adults with acute or chronic medical conditions. Paul H. Brookes Publishing. 2007.Beukelman D.R., Mirenda P. Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children and adults with complex communication needs. Paul H. Brookes Publishing. 2013.Beukelman D.R., Mirenda P. Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children and adults with complex communication needs. Paul H. Brookes Publishing. 2013.Beukelman D.R., Mirenda P. Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children and adults with complex communication needs. Brookes Publishing. 2005.Beukelman D.R., Mirenda P. Augmentative and alternative communication: supporting children and adults with complex communication needs. Brookes Publishing. 2005.Brady N, Skinner D, Roberts J, Hennon E. Communication in young children with fragile X syndrome: a qualitative study of mothers’ perspective. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2006;15(4):353-364. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2006/033)Brady N, Skinner D, Roberts J, Hennon E. Communication in young children with fragile X syndrome: a qualitative study of mothers’ perspective. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2006;15(4):353-364. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2006/033)Burnham SPL, Finak P, Henderson JT, Gaurav N, Batorowicz B, Pinder SD, Davies TC. Models and frameworks for guiding assessment for aided Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2024;19(4):1758-1772. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2023.2233986Burnham SPL, Finak P, Henderson JT, Gaurav N, Batorowicz B, Pinder SD, Davies TC. Models and frameworks for guiding assessment for aided Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2024;19(4):1758-1772. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2023.2233986Candrea DN, Shah S, Luo S. A click-based electrocorticographic brain-computer interface enables long-term high-performance switch scan spelling. Communications Medicine. 2024;4:207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-024-00635-3Candrea DN, Shah S, Luo S. A click-based electrocorticographic brain-computer interface enables long-term high-performance switch scan spelling. Communications Medicine. 2024;4:207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-024-00635-3Carlozzi NE, Boileau NR, Roberts A, Dayalu P, Hanifan DL, Miner JA, Claassen D, Provost EM. Understanding speech and swallowing difficulties in individuals with Huntington disease: validation of the HDQLIFE Speech Difficulties and Swallowing Difficulties Item Banks. Quality of Life Research. 2021;30(1):251-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02608-0Carlozzi NE, Boileau NR, Roberts A, Dayalu P, Hanifan DL, Miner JA, Claassen D, Provost EM. Understanding speech and swallowing difficulties in individuals with Huntington disease: validation of the HDQLIFE Speech Difficulties and Swallowing Difficulties Item Banks. Quality of Life Research. 2021;30(1):251-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02608-0Collette D, Brix A, Brennan P, DeRoma N, Muir BC. Proloquo2Go enhances classroom performance in children with autism spectrum disor der. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. 2019;39(3):143-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449218799451Collette D, Brix A, Brennan P, DeRoma N, Muir BC. Proloquo2Go enhances classroom performance in children with autism spectrum disor der. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. 2019;39(3):143-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449218799451Communication Bill of Rights. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [asha.org]. Asha; 2016 2016 [cited 30 October]. Available at: https://www.asha.org/njc/communication-bill-of-rights/Communication Bill of Rights. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [asha.org]. Asha; 2016 2016 [cited 30 October]. Available at: https://www.asha.org/njc/communication-bill-of-rights/Cook A.M., Polgar J.M. Assistive technologies principles and practices. Elsevier. 2015.Cook A.M., Polgar J.M. Assistive technologies principles and practices. Elsevier. 2015.Corno F, Farinetti L, Signorile I, Torino P. A cost-effective solution for eye-gaze assistive technology. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. 2002:433-436. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICME.2002.1035632Corno F, Farinetti L, Signorile I, Torino P. A cost-effective solution for eye-gaze assistive technology. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. 2002:433-436. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICME.2002.1035632Culp D., Beukelman D.R., Fager S. Brainstem impairment. In: Augmentative Communication Strategies for Adults with Acute or Chronic Medical Conditions. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing; 2007.Culp D., Beukelman D.R., Fager S. Brainstem impairment. In: Augmentative Communication Strategies for Adults with Acute or Chronic Medical Conditions. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing; 2007.Cummins RA. Quality of life of adults with an intellectual disability. Current Developmental Dis orders Reports. 2020;7(3):182-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-020-00205-xCummins RA. Quality of life of adults with an intellectual disability. Current Developmental Dis orders Reports. 2020;7(3):182-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-020-00205-xDall M, Fellinger J, Holzinger D. The link between social communication and mental health from childhood to young adulthood: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;13:944815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.944815Dall M, Fellinger J, Holzinger D. The link between social communication and mental health from childhood to young adulthood: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;13:944815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.944815Diaconu-Gherasim LR, Nicuță EG, Crumpei-Tanasă I, Opariuc-Dan C. Perception of friendship quality and mental health: school goal structures as moderators. School Mental Health. 2023;15(3):1003-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-023-09601-1Diaconu-Gherasim LR, Nicuță EG, Crumpei-Tanasă I, Opariuc-Dan C. Perception of friendship quality and mental health: school goal structures as moderators. School Mental Health. 2023;15(3):1003-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-023-09601-1DiStefano C, Shih W, Kaiser A, Landa R, Kasari C. Communication growth in minimally verbal children with ASD: the importance of interaction. Autism Research. 2016;9:1093-1102. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1594DiStefano C, Shih W, Kaiser A, Landa R, Kasari C. Communication growth in minimally verbal children with ASD: the importance of interaction. Autism Research. 2016;9:1093-1102. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1594Doubet A. Talking the talk: barriers to culturally responsive iconographic selection on augmentative alternative communication devices [Master’s the sis]. Fontbonne University. 2023. https://griffinshare.fontbonne.edu/all-etds/626Doubet A. Talking the talk: barriers to culturally responsive iconographic selection on augmentative alternative communication devices [Master’s the sis]. Fontbonne University. 2023. https://griffinshare.fontbonne.edu/all-etds/626Elsahar Y, Hu S, Bouazza-Marouf K, Kerr D, Mansor A. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Advances: A Review of Configurations for Individuals with a Speech Disability. Sensors. 2019;19(8):1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081911Elsahar Y, Hu S, Bouazza-Marouf K, Kerr D, Mansor A. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Advances: A Review of Configurations for Individuals with a Speech Disability. Sensors. 2019;19(8):1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081911Emerson E, Fortune N, Llewellyn G, Stancliffe R. Loneliness, social support, social isolation and well being among working age adults with and with out disability: Cross-sectional study. Disability and Health Journal. 2021;14(1):100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100965Emerson E, Fortune N, Llewellyn G, Stancliffe R. Loneliness, social support, social isolation and well being among working age adults with and with out disability: Cross-sectional study. Disability and Health Journal. 2021;14(1):100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100965Fager S, Bardach L, Russell S, Higginbotham J. Access to augmentative and alternative communication: new technologies and clinical decision-mak ing. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine. 2012;5(1):53-61. https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-2012-0196Fager S, Bardach L, Russell S, Higginbotham J. Access to augmentative and alternative communication: new technologies and clinical decision-mak ing. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine. 2012;5(1):53-61. https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-2012-0196Flaubert J.L., Spicer C.M., Jette A.M. Augmentative and alternative communication and voice products and technologies. The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation. 2017:National Academies Press.Flaubert J.L., Spicer C.M., Jette A.M. Augmentative and alternative communication and voice products and technologies. The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation. 2017:National Academies Press.Fried-Oken M, Mooney A, Peters B. Supporting communication for patients with neurodegenerative disease. Neurorehabilitation. 2015;37(1):69-87. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-151241Fried-Oken M, Mooney A, Peters B. Supporting communication for patients with neurodegenerative disease. Neurorehabilitation. 2015;37(1):69-87. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-151241Gibilisco P, Vogel AP. Friedreich ataxia. BMJ. 2013;347. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f7062Gibilisco P, Vogel AP. Friedreich ataxia. BMJ. 2013;347. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f7062Granlund M, Imms C, King G, Andersson AK, Augustine L, Brooks R, Danielsson H, Gothilan der J, Ivarsson M, Lundqvist L-O, Lygnegård F, Almqvist L. Definitions and operationalization of mental health problems, wellbeing and participation constructs in children with NDD: distinctions and clarifications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(4):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041656Granlund M, Imms C, King G, Andersson AK, Augustine L, Brooks R, Danielsson H, Gothilan der J, Ivarsson M, Lundqvist L-O, Lygnegård F, Almqvist L. Definitions and operationalization of mental health problems, wellbeing and participation constructs in children with NDD: distinctions and clarifications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(4):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041656Hanley E, Martin A.M, Dalton C, Lehane E. Communication partners’ experiences of communicating with adults with severe/profound intellectual disability through augmentative and alternative communication: A mixed-methods systematic re view. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities: JOID. 2023;27(4):1107–1134. https://doi.org/10.1177/17446295221115914Hanley E, Martin A.M, Dalton C, Lehane E. Communication partners’ experiences of communicating with adults with severe/profound intellectual disability through augmentative and alternative communication: A mixed-methods systematic re view. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities: JOID. 2023;27(4):1107–1134. https://doi.org/10.1177/17446295221115914Hill K, Huggins J, Woodworth C. Interprofessional practitioners’ opinions on features and services for an augmentative and alternative communication brain-computer interface device. PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation. 2021;13(10):1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12525Hill K, Huggins J, Woodworth C. Interprofessional practitioners’ opinions on features and services for an augmentative and alternative communication brain-computer interface device. PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation. 2021;13(10):1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12525Hobson H, Kalsi M, Cotton L, Forster M, Toseeb U. Supporting the mental health of children with speech, language and communication needs: The views and experiences of parents. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments. 2022;7:23969415221101137. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969415221101137Hobson H, Kalsi M, Cotton L, Forster M, Toseeb U. Supporting the mental health of children with speech, language and communication needs: The views and experiences of parents. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments. 2022;7:23969415221101137. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969415221101137Joginder Singh S, Hussein NH, Mustaffa Kamal R, Hassan FH. Reflections of Malaysian parents of children with developmental disabilities on their experiences with AAC. Augmentative and Alter native Communication. 2017;33:110-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2017.1309457Joginder Singh S, Hussein NH, Mustaffa Kamal R, Hassan FH. Reflections of Malaysian parents of children with developmental disabilities on their experiences with AAC. Augmentative and Alter native Communication. 2017;33:110-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2017.1309457Kasari C, Kaiser A, Goods K, Nietfeld J, Mathy P, Landa R. Communication interventions for minimally verbal children with autism: a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014;53:635-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.01.019Kasari C, Kaiser A, Goods K, Nietfeld J, Mathy P, Landa R. Communication interventions for minimally verbal children with autism: a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014;53:635-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.01.019Kerr D, Bouazza-Marouf K, Gaur A, Sutton A, Green R. A breath controlled AAC system. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;22(1):96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03763-zKerr D, Bouazza-Marouf K, Gaur A, Sutton A, Green R. A breath controlled AAC system. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;22(1):96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03763-zKoch Fager S, Fried-Oken M, Jakobs T, Beukelman DR. New and emerging access technologies for adults with complex communication needs and severe motor impairments: state of the science. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2019;35(1):13-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1556730Koch Fager S, Fried-Oken M, Jakobs T, Beukelman DR. New and emerging access technologies for adults with complex communication needs and severe motor impairments: state of the science. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2019;35(1):13-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1556730Lee YC, Chen VC, Yang YH, Kuo TY, Hung TH, Cheng YF, Huang KY. Association Between Emotional Disorders and Speech and Language Impairments: A National Population-Based Study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2020;51(3):355-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00947-9Lee YC, Chen VC, Yang YH, Kuo TY, Hung TH, Cheng YF, Huang KY. Association Between Emotional Disorders and Speech and Language Impairments: A National Population-Based Study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2020;51(3):355-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00947-9Light J, McNaughton D. Designing AAC research and intervention to improve outcomes for individuals with complex communication needs. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2015;31(2):85-96. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2015.1036458Light J, McNaughton D. Designing AAC research and intervention to improve outcomes for individuals with complex communication needs. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2015;31(2):85-96. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2015.1036458Logan K, Iacono T, Trembath D. A systematic review of research into aided AAC to increase social-communication functions in children with autism spectrum disorder. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2017;33:51-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2016.1267795Logan K, Iacono T, Trembath D. A systematic review of research into aided AAC to increase social-communication functions in children with autism spectrum disorder. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2017;33:51-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2016.1267795Londral A. Assistive technologies for communication empower patients with ALS to generate and self-report health data. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:867567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.867567Londral A. Assistive technologies for communication empower patients with ALS to generate and self-report health data. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:867567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.867567Lorah ER, MacNeil S, Zimmerman T, Rackensperger T, Holyfield C, Caldwell N, Dragut EC, Vucetic S. Spurring innovation in AAC technology through collaborative dreaming and needs finding with individuals with developmental disabilities who use AAC. Seminars in Speech and Language. 2024;45(5):461474. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1791789Lorah ER, MacNeil S, Zimmerman T, Rackensperger T, Holyfield C, Caldwell N, Dragut EC, Vucetic S. Spurring innovation in AAC technology through collaborative dreaming and needs finding with individuals with developmental disabilities who use AAC. Seminars in Speech and Language. 2024;45(5):461474. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1791789Lorang E, Maltman N, Venker C, Eith A, Sterling A. Speech-language pathologists’ practices in augmentative and alternative communication during early intervention. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2022;38(1):41-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2022.2046853Lorang E, Maltman N, Venker C, Eith A, Sterling A. Speech-language pathologists’ practices in augmentative and alternative communication during early intervention. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2022;38(1):41-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2022.2046853Maresca G., Pranio F., Naro A., De Luca R., Maggio M.G., Scarcella I., De Domenico C., Bramanti P., Conti Nibali V., Portaro S., Calabrò R.S. Augmentative and alternative communication improves quality of life in the early stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Functional Neurology. 2019;34(1):35 43. https://doi.org/10.11138/fneur/2019.34.1.035Maresca G., Pranio F., Naro A., De Luca R., Maggio M.G., Scarcella I., De Domenico C., Bramanti P., Conti Nibali V., Portaro S., Calabrò R.S. Augmentative and alternative communication improves quality of life in the early stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Functional Neurology. 2019;34(1):35 43. https://doi.org/10.11138/fneur/2019.34.1.035McDuffie A, Oakes A, Machalicek W, Ma M, Bullard L, Nelson S, Abbeduto L. Early language intervention using distance video-teleconferencing: a pilot study of young boys with Fragile X syndrome and their mothers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2016;25(1):46-66 https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0137McDuffie A, Oakes A, Machalicek W, Ma M, Bullard L, Nelson S, Abbeduto L. Early language intervention using distance video-teleconferencing: a pilot study of young boys with Fragile X syndrome and their mothers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2016;25(1):46-66 https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0137McLeod S. Communication rights: Fundamental human rights for all. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2018;20(1):3-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1428687McLeod S. Communication rights: Fundamental human rights for all. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2018;20(1):3-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1428687McNaughton D, Light J, Beukelman DR, Klein C, Nieder D, Nazareth G. Building capacity in AAC: a person-centred approach to supporting participation by people with complex communication needs. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2019;35(1):56-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1556731McNaughton D, Light J, Beukelman DR, Klein C, Nieder D, Nazareth G. Building capacity in AAC: a person-centred approach to supporting participation by people with complex communication needs. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2019;35(1):56-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1556731McNaughton D, Richardson L. Supporting positive employment outcomes for individuals with autism who use AAC. Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2013;22:164-172. https://doi.org/10.1044/aac22.3.164McNaughton D, Richardson L. Supporting positive employment outcomes for individuals with autism who use AAC. Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2013;22:164-172. https://doi.org/10.1044/aac22.3.164Millar DC, Light JC, Schlosser RW. The impact of augmentative and alternative communication intervention on the speech production of individuals with developmental disabilities: a research review. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Re search. 2006;49:248-264. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/021)Millar DC, Light JC, Schlosser RW. The impact of augmentative and alternative communication intervention on the speech production of individuals with developmental disabilities: a research review. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Re search. 2006;49:248-264. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/021)Morin KL, Ganz JB, Gregori EV, Foster MJ, Gerow SL, Genç-Tosun D. A systematic quality review of high-tech AAC interventions as an evidence-based practice. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2018;34(2):104-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1458900Morin KL, Ganz JB, Gregori EV, Foster MJ, Gerow SL, Genç-Tosun D. A systematic quality review of high-tech AAC interventions as an evidence-based practice. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2018;34(2):104-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1458900Nipuna R, Kuruppu W, Anuja A, Kristen R. Augmentative and alternative communication tools for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units: a scoping review. Australian Critical Care. 2023;36:1095-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2023.01.002Nipuna R, Kuruppu W, Anuja A, Kristen R. Augmentative and alternative communication tools for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units: a scoping review. Australian Critical Care. 2023;36:1095-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2023.01.002Noyes AM, Wilkinson KM. A qualitative pilot study of adult AAC users’ experiences related to accessing and receiving mental health services. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2024;40(3):238 252. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2023.2294734Noyes AM, Wilkinson KM. A qualitative pilot study of adult AAC users’ experiences related to accessing and receiving mental health services. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2024;40(3):238 252. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2023.2294734Noyes AM, Wilkinson KM. Supporting access to mental health services for patients who use augmentative and alternative communication: a proposed framework and suggestions for future directions. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2022;31(5):2268-2282. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_AJSLP-22-00089Noyes AM, Wilkinson KM. Supporting access to mental health services for patients who use augmentative and alternative communication: a proposed framework and suggestions for future directions. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2022;31(5):2268-2282. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_AJSLP-22-00089Østvik J, Granlund M, Seim AR. Mental health and mental health problems among users of AAC: a scoping review. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2024;1-13. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2024.2434680Østvik J, Granlund M, Seim AR. Mental health and mental health problems among users of AAC: a scoping review. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2024;1-13. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2024.2434680Park H. Parents’ experiences and acceptance factors of AAC intervention for children with complex communication needs. Communication Sciences and Disorders. 2020;25:318-333. https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.20729Park H. Parents’ experiences and acceptance factors of AAC intervention for children with complex communication needs. Communication Sciences and Disorders. 2020;25:318-333. https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.20729Perry A, Reilly S, Cotton S, Bloomberg K, Johnson H. A demographic survey of people who have a disability and complex communication needs in Victoria, Australia. Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing. 2004;9(3):259-271. https://doi.org/10.1179/136132804805575804Perry A, Reilly S, Cotton S, Bloomberg K, Johnson H. A demographic survey of people who have a disability and complex communication needs in Victoria, Australia. Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing. 2004;9(3):259-271. https://doi.org/10.1179/136132804805575804Pitt KM, McKelvey M, Weissling K, Thiessen A. Brain-computer interface for augmentative and alternative communication access: the initial training needs and learning preferences of speech-language pathologists. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2025;27(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2024.2363939Pitt KM, McKelvey M, Weissling K, Thiessen A. Brain-computer interface for augmentative and alternative communication access: the initial training needs and learning preferences of speech-language pathologists. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2025;27(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2024.2363939Ravits J, La Spada A. ALS motor phenotype heterogeneity, focality, and spread: deconstructing motor neuron degeneration. Neurology. 2009;73:805-811.Ravits J, La Spada A. ALS motor phenotype heterogeneity, focality, and spread: deconstructing motor neuron degeneration. Neurology. 2009;73:805-811.Richardson L, McCoy A, McNaughton D. «He’s worth the extra work»: the employment experiences of adults with ASD who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) as reported by adults with ASD, family members, and employers. Work. 2019;62(2):205-219. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-192856Richardson L, McCoy A, McNaughton D. «He’s worth the extra work»: the employment experiences of adults with ASD who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) as reported by adults with ASD, family members, and employers. Work. 2019;62(2):205-219. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-192856Roberts MY, Kaiser AP. Early intervention for toddlers with language delays: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135:686-693. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2134Roberts MY, Kaiser AP. Early intervention for toddlers with language delays: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135:686-693. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2134Roberts MY, Kaiser AP. The effectiveness of parent-implemented language interventions: a me ta-analysis. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2011;20:180-199. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0055)Roberts MY, Kaiser AP. The effectiveness of parent-implemented language interventions: a me ta-analysis. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2011;20:180-199. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0055)Romski M., Sevcik R.A. Augmentative communication and early intervention: myths and realities. Infants & Young Children. 2005;18(3):174-185.Romski M., Sevcik R.A. Augmentative communication and early intervention: myths and realities. Infants & Young Children. 2005;18(3):174-185.Schultz Ascari REO, Pereira R, Silva L. Mobile Interaction for Augmentative and Alternative Communication: A Systematic Mapping. SBC Journal on Interactive Systems. 2018;9:105-118. https://doi.org/10.5753/jis.2018.704Schultz Ascari REO, Pereira R, Silva L. Mobile Interaction for Augmentative and Alternative Communication: A Systematic Mapping. SBC Journal on Interactive Systems. 2018;9:105-118. https://doi.org/10.5753/jis.2018.704Sellwood D, McLeod L, Williams K, Brown K, Pullin G. Imagining alternative futures with augmentative and alternative communication: a manifesto. Medical Humanities. 2025;50(4):620-623. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2024-013022Sellwood D, McLeod L, Williams K, Brown K, Pullin G. Imagining alternative futures with augmentative and alternative communication: a manifesto. Medical Humanities. 2025;50(4):620-623. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2024-013022Sennott SC, Akagi L, Lee M, Rhodes A. AAC and artificial intelligence (AI). Topics in Language Dis orders. 2019;39(4):389-403. https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000197Sennott SC, Akagi L, Lee M, Rhodes A. AAC and artificial intelligence (AI). Topics in Language Dis orders. 2019;39(4):389-403. https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000197Sigafoos J, O’Reilly MF, Lancioni GE, Sutherland D. Augmentative and alternative communication for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Current Developmental Dis orders Reports. 2014;1:51-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-013-0007-xSigafoos J, O’Reilly MF, Lancioni GE, Sutherland D. Augmentative and alternative communication for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Current Developmental Dis orders Reports. 2014;1:51-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-013-0007-xSmith A. Speech motor development: integrating muscles, movements, and linguistic units. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2006;39:331-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2006.06.017Smith A. Speech motor development: integrating muscles, movements, and linguistic units. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2006;39:331-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2006.06.017Srinivasan S, Patel S, Khade A, Bedi G, Mohite J, Sen A. Efficacy of a novel augmentative and alter native communication system in promoting requesting skills in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in India: a pilot study. Autism and Developmental Language Impairments. 2022;7:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969415221120749Srinivasan S, Patel S, Khade A, Bedi G, Mohite J, Sen A. Efficacy of a novel augmentative and alter native communication system in promoting requesting skills in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in India: a pilot study. Autism and Developmental Language Impairments. 2022;7:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969415221120749Stransky ML, Oshita JY, Morris MA. Prevalence of Behavioral Health Problems Among Adults With and Without Communication Disabilities. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JAB FM. 2020;33(6):932-941. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200216Stransky ML, Oshita JY, Morris MA. Prevalence of Behavioral Health Problems Among Adults With and Without Communication Disabilities. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JAB FM. 2020;33(6):932-941. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200216Tough H, Siegrist J, Fekete C. Social relationships, mental health and wellbeing in physical disability: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4308-6Tough H, Siegrist J, Fekete C. Social relationships, mental health and wellbeing in physical disability: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4308-6Vogel AP, Spencer C, Burke K, de Bruyn D, Gibilis co P, Blackman S, Vojtech JM, Kathiresan T. Optimizing communication in ataxia: a multifaceted approach to alternative and augmentative communication (AAC). Cerebellum. 2024;23(5):2142– 2151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01675-0Vogel AP, Spencer C, Burke K, de Bruyn D, Gibilis co P, Blackman S, Vojtech JM, Kathiresan T. Optimizing communication in ataxia: a multifaceted approach to alternative and augmentative communication (AAC). Cerebellum. 2024;23(5):2142– 2151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-024-01675-0Wahl M, Weiland K. Augmentative and alternative communication and digital participation. Frontiers in Communication. 2023;8:1180257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1180257Wahl M, Weiland K. Augmentative and alternative communication and digital participation. Frontiers in Communication. 2023;8:1180257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1180257Walker VL, Snell ME. Effects of augmentative and alternative communication on challenging behavior: a meta-analysis. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2013;29:117-131. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2013.785020Walker VL, Snell ME. Effects of augmentative and alternative communication on challenging behavior: a meta-analysis. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2013;29:117-131. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2013.785020Wall LR, Nund RL, Ward EC, Cornwell PL, Amsters D.I. Experiences of communication changes following spinal cord injury: a qualitative analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2020;42(16):2271– 2278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1557264Wall LR, Nund RL, Ward EC, Cornwell PL, Amsters D.I. Experiences of communication changes following spinal cord injury: a qualitative analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2020;42(16):2271– 2278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1557264Walters C, Sevcik RA, Romski M. Spoken vocabulary outcomes of toddlers with developmental delay after parent-implemented augmented language intervention. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2021;30(3):1023-1037. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00093Walters C, Sevcik RA, Romski M. Spoken vocabulary outcomes of toddlers with developmental delay after parent-implemented augmented language intervention. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2021;30(3):1023-1037. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00093Watson RM, Pennington L. Assessment and management of the communication difficulties of children with cerebral palsy: a UK survey of SLT practice. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2015;50(2):241–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12138Watson RM, Pennington L. Assessment and management of the communication difficulties of children with cerebral palsy: a UK survey of SLT practice. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2015;50(2):241–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12138Webb EJD, Lynch Y, Meads D, Judge S, Randall N, Goldbart J, Meredith S, Moulam L, Hess S, Murray J. Finding the best fit: examining the decision-making of augmentative and alternative communication professionals in the UK using a discrete choice experiment. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e030274. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030274Webb EJD, Lynch Y, Meads D, Judge S, Randall N, Goldbart J, Meredith S, Moulam L, Hess S, Murray J. Finding the best fit: examining the decision-making of augmentative and alternative communication professionals in the UK using a discrete choice experiment. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e030274. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030274Wilder J, Magnusson L, Hanson E. Professionals’ and parents’ shared learning in blended learning networks related to communication and augmentative and alternative communication for people with severe disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education. 2015;30:367-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2015.1023002Wilder J, Magnusson L, Hanson E. Professionals’ and parents’ shared learning in blended learning networks related to communication and augmentative and alternative communication for people with severe disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education. 2015;30:367-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2015.1023002Williams K, Holyfield C. Future of AAC technologies: priorities for inclusive innovation. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2025;1-4. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2025.2513906Williams K, Holyfield C. Future of AAC technologies: priorities for inclusive innovation. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2025;1-4. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2025.2513906Wolters-Leermakers N, Van den Bogaard KJHM, Prins M. Understanding quality of life in people with complex and multiple communicative dis abilities: a narrative overview of the empirical research literature. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. 2022;0(0):17446295221146849. https://doi.org/10.1177/17446295221146849Wolters-Leermakers N, Van den Bogaard KJHM, Prins M. Understanding quality of life in people with complex and multiple communicative dis abilities: a narrative overview of the empirical research literature. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. 2022;0(0):17446295221146849. https://doi.org/10.1177/17446295221146849Woodring F, Harmon MT. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for nursing students: equipping the next generation of nursing professionals. Nurse Education Today. 2023;121:105662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105662Woodring F, Harmon MT. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for nursing students: equipping the next generation of nursing professionals. Nurse Education Today. 2023;121:105662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105662Yau SH, Choo K, Tan J, Monson O, Bovell S. Comparing and contrasting barriers in augmentative alternative communication use in nonspeaking autism and complex communication needs: multi-stakeholder perspectives. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2024;15:1385947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1385947Yau SH, Choo K, Tan J, Monson O, Bovell S. Comparing and contrasting barriers in augmentative alternative communication use in nonspeaking autism and complex communication needs: multi-stakeholder perspectives. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2024;15:1385947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1385947Younger DS. (Ed.) Critical illness-associated weakness and related motor disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2023;195:707-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-98818-6.00031-5Younger DS. (Ed.) Critical illness-associated weakness and related motor disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2023;195:707-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-98818-6.00031-5Zinkevich A, Lubasch JS, Uthoff SAK, Boenisch J, Sachse SK, Bernasconi T, Ansmann L. Caregiver burden and proxy-reported outcomes of people without natural speech: a cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8):e048789. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048789Zinkevich A, Lubasch JS, Uthoff SAK, Boenisch J, Sachse SK, Bernasconi T, Ansmann L. Caregiver burden and proxy-reported outcomes of people without natural speech: a cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8):e048789. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048789

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.