Oculomotor response as cognitive deficit marker in affective and anxiety spectrum disorders

Study of oculomotor response (OMR) in patients with various psychiatric disorders gives us a chance to obtainvaluable information about cortical mechanisms linked with cognitive functioning as well as about the basic stages of motor skills organization in central nervous system. In our research the functioning of saccadic system in patients with affective and anxiety spectrum disorders has been evaluated. With the help of video-oculography 70 subjects were tested (13-with recurrent depression,10-with bipolar affective disorder, 22-with anxiety spectrum disorders, 25-control group). Both in patients with affective disorders and anxiety disorders the increase of latency in reflectoryprosaccades’ programming has been revealed.However, the accuracy of this cognitive task performance has been compromised only in patients with affective disorders. No operational efficiency deficit has been detected in all the studied groups. The mistakes number in antisaccade test and the rate of multisaccades was higher in patients with affective disorders opposite to the normal results of those tests in patients with anxiety spectrum disorders. The possible neurophysiological mechanisms of detected oculomotor disturbances are discussed in the paper.

тревожные расстройства, аффективные расстройства, саккады, зрительно-вызванные саккады, антисаккады, когнитивное функционирование, anxiety disorders, affective disorders, saccades, antisaccades, visual-induced saccades, cognitive functioning

1. Ansari T.L., Derakshan N. The neural correlates of cognitive effort in anxiety: Effects on processing efficiency // Biological Psychology. - 2011. - V.86. - № 3. - P. 337-348.

2. Armstrong T., Olatunji B. O. Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis // Clinical psychology review. - 2012. - V.32. - № 8. - P. 704-723.

3. Bar-Haim Y., Lamy D., Pergamin L., Bakermans-Kranenburg M., van IJzendoorn M. Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study // Psychological Bulletin. - 2007. - V.133. - № 1 - P. 1-24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1.

4. Bonnet C. et al. Horizontal and vertical eye movement metrics: what is important? // Clinical Neurophysiology. - 2013. - V. 124. - P. 2216-2229.

5. Gooding D. C., Basso M. A. The tell-tale tasks: a review of saccadic research in psychiatric patient populations //Brain and cognition. - 2008. - V. 68. - P. 371-390.

6. Harris M.S. H. et al. Response suppression deficits in treatment-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia, psychotic bipolar disorder and psychotic major depression // Psychiatry research. - 2009. - V. 170. - P. 150-156. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.031.

7. Henderson J.M. et al. Predicting cognitive state from eye movements // PloS one. - 2013. - V. 8. - №. 5. - P.64937. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064937.

8. Jergelovâ M., Jagla F. Centr al. and peripheral correlates of eye movements in selected mood disorders //Neuroendocrinology Letters. - 2010. - V. 31. - № 6. - P. 731.

9. Kloft L. et al. Response selection in prosaccades, antisaccades, and other volitional saccades // Experimental brain research. - 2012. - V. 222. - № 4. - P.345-353. doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3218-1

10. Leigh R.J., Zee D.S. The neurology of eye movements. - Oxford University Press, USA. - 2015. - V. 90.

11. Maruff P. et al. Abnormalities of internally generated saccades in obsessive-compulsive disorder // Psychological medicine. - 1999. - V.29. - № 6. - P. 1377-1385.

12. McDowell J.E. et al. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades: evidence from studies of humans // Brain and cognition. - 2008. - V.68. - №. 3. - P. 255-270. doi. org/10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.016

13. Reinhard M. et al. Neuropsychological measurement of inhibitory control in posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory antisaccade paradigm // Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. - 2017. - P. 1-11. doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1301389

14. Spengler D. et al. Evidence from increased anticipation of predictive saccades for a dysfunction of fronto-striatal circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder //Psychiatry research. - 2006.- V. 143. - № 1. - P. 77-88.

15. Sweeney J.A. et al. Prefrontal and cerebellar abnormalities in major depression: evidence from oculomotor studies //Biological psychiatry. - 1998. - V. 43. - № 8. - P. 584-594.

16. Tien A. Y. et al. Eye movements and psychopathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder //Пє Journal of nervous and mental disease. - 1996. - V. 184. - № 6. - P. 331-338.

17. Van der Wee N., Hardeman H., Ramsey N. et al. Saccadic abnormalities in psychotropic-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder without co-morbidity //Psycholog-ical medicine. - 2006. - V. 36. - № 9. - P. 1321-1326. doi: 10.1017/s0033291706007926.

18. Wieser M.J., Pauli P., Mühlberger A. Probing the attentional control theory in social anxiety: An emotional saccade task //Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. - 2009. - V. 9. - № 3. - P.314-322. doi:10.3758/cabn.9.3.314

19. Zigmond M.J., Coyle J.T., Rowland L.P. (ed.). Neurobiology of brain disorders: biological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. - Elsevier. - 2015.

20. Шалагинова И.Г., Ваколюк И.А., Ецина И.Г. Показатели просаккад и антисаккад как потенциальные маркеры тревожных расстройств // Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. CC Корсакова. - 2016. - Т. 116. - № 12. - С. 61-67.

21. Янушко М.Г., ШаманинаМ.В., Иванов М.В. Понятие когнитивной ремиссии при депрессивных расстройствах// Психическое здоровье. - 2017. - Т. 15. - № 1 - С. 70-74.