Features of the use of alternative and augmentative communication in motor disorders in children and adults

The scientific review summarizes current data on the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in motor impairments accompanied by speech deficits or loss, and analyzes the psychological and social consequences of limited communication. It is shown that in children, such impairments hinder full cognitive and social development, complicate learning, and impede the formation of interpersonal relationships, which leads to increased anxiety and decreased self-esteem. In adults, speech loss is associated with disruption of habitual social roles, professional activity, and autonomy, increasing the risk of depression and social isolation. The use of AAC-ranging from gestural and pictographic systems to high-technology devices and brain–computer interfaces has been proven to enhance communication skills, promote inclusion in educational, professional, and social activities, improve emotional well-being, and reduce the burden on caregivers. The effectiveness of AAC largely depends on timely implementation, individual adaptation of tools, and the involvement of a multidisciplinary team. Key barriers include insufficient specialist training, financial and technical constraints, fear of stigmatization, and mismatches between technology and user needs. The future of AAC development lies in the integration of artificial intelligence, expansion of interface functionality, personalization of solutions, and the creation of an inclusive social environment. The review concludes that a comprehensive approach-encompassing early implementation, training for both users and their environment, and the development of support infrastructure can significantly improve the quality of life for people with motor impairments

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