The article discusses the role of inflammatory reactions in the formation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Based on a wide and modern material, the mechanisms of development of oxidative stress with the formation of free radicals are considered, which, in turn, initiate a cascade of inflammatory reactions. Inflammation factors are analyzed in detail, biomarkers of neuroinflammation are distinguished and their role in changing the neurotransmitter balance is revealed. Biomarkers of neuroinflammation isolated from patients with ADHD give conflicting results in some particular issues, which certainly require clarification. But in general, it is found that increased inflammation in the early stages of brain development seems to be associated with the ADHD phenotype. ADHD is commonly believed to be a hereditary disease; therefore, it can be expected that patients have polymorphisms of genes associated with inflammation, which is illustrated in a wide range of material. In addition, the problems of inducing neuroinflammation with traditional drugs for the treatment of ADHD: methylphenidate and atomoxetine are considered. The prospects of developing algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are noted.

The article notes that the Western model of civilization based on the cult of individual legal freedom, including a clear and optimistic picture of the future developing according to the laws of liberal progress based on this cult, has been significantly shaken in recent years due to the post-informational stage of development of society, and especially with the advent of the Internet. These factors contributed to the strengthening of distressing influences in society, leading to anxious expectations of the population as a reaction to the redundancy of the uncontrolled flow of information and, as a consequence, to the growth in the 21st century of the massive demand for global security. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, biopolitical projects of total security have entered into the sphere of practical politics, with Western society failing to consider the issue of public security vs. human rights in an analytically impartial and critically free capacity as scientists, including specialists in the field of public health, did 10-15 years ago. The situation that has arisen reinforces the negative socio-psychological tendencies noted above. This circumstance makes it necessary to consider the situation of a pandemic from the point of view of the special role of its network information support and the nature of organizational and methodological measures aimed at combating disease.
The article examines the socially destructive and socio-psychopathological aspects of the network era, fraught with the threat of the development of mass psychosis, which was most clearly manifested in the situation of a pandemic, regardless of the specific ideological attitudes of a particular social group. The network factor and organizational and methodological measures aimed at combating the coronavirus are analyzed in detail. It is concluded that it is necessary to correct the non-optimal trends that were revealed at the height of the network era both in public sentiment and in the actions of the authorities, in terms of a more effective fight against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. To this end, it is proposed to take into account the laws of the network era and be actively present in the Internet space, creating from within an informational counterbalance to the observed negative trends. Specific directions in the implementation of this work are listed.

The study of violations of the adaptive-compensatory mechanisms of patients with mental disorders makes it relevant to study the combined characteristics of gender, psychosexual sphere and response to stress in mental pathology. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the types and directions of frustration reactions as unconscious components of coping with gender and gender-role behavior. 183 patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder were examined. In the diagnostic groups, men and women were dominated by persons under the age of 30. The «Method of diagnostics of gender role behavior accentuations» and «Drawing Associations test» were used. The data obtained indicate that among patients with schizophrenia, men with cross-gender role accentuation better assimilate socio-normative patterns of behavior than women with cross-gender role accentuation; in women with schizotypal disorder, the presence of cross-gender accentuation of gender-role behavior is associated with a lower level of social adaptation compared to women without accentuation.
Women with schizotypal disorder and more pronounced masculine gender role accentuation have a profile of the direction of emotional reactions in frustrating situations, characteristic of men with schizotypal disorder. In ontogenesis, the interrelationships of stereotypes of emotional response and the level of gender role accentuation change. The revealed sex differences in the profiles of frustration reactions among patients on the schizophrenic spectrum may be partially explained by the gender-role characteristics of patients. In conclusion of the analysis, it can be concluded that the stereotypes of a person’s emotional response and their formation are closely related to gender-role behavior. Knowledge of this kind of interrelationships enables the psychotherapist in the course of treatment to achieve the patient’s understanding of his behavior, including its unconscious aspects.

The relevance of the study is determined by the rapid development of medical cosmetology, which, unlike plastic surgery, has not been studied at all in psychological and sociological terms, although the effect of facial skin defects on the emotional state, social success, quality of life is beyond doubt, and their elimination significantly affects psychological well-being. patients. A practicing dermatologist-cosmetologist conducted a non-selective clinical and socio-psychological study of 188 patients (mean age 39.12+0.81 years) of a cosmetology clinic. The author’s structured interview and the medico-sociological scale «Level of social frustration» were used. According to 50 parameters, women with mild, moderate and significant severity of cosmetic problems were compared. Statistical methods of analysis were used (Pearson’s χ2 and ANOVA). An analysis of clinical data showed a relationship between the severity of a facial skin defect and its nature (symptoms), age, comorbid pathology, and treatment efficacy. Social positions (educational and labor status, nature of professional activity), significant spheres of personal relations (to oneself, to persons of the opposite sex, family relations, the presence and nature of mental trauma) were studied. Among the psychological and social characteristics, the characteristics of the family sphere, the reasons for visiting the clinic, and the patient›s subjective assessment of the impact of the cosmetic problem on the quality of life have a statistical relationship with the severity of the cosmetic problem and the age of the patients. The results are compared with the data of modern world literature. The limitations of the study associated with the use of non-standardized methods, which are relevant, however, to the tasks of a screening non-selective survey, are noted. The prospects for further studies of patients of the clinic for non-surgical correction of appearance using psychometric (standardized) methods are outlined.

The results of studies on elderly patients with COVID-19 indicate presence of serious comorbidities, including cerebrovascular disease, infection of the central nervous system, and cognitive deficits. Impaired cognitive functioning may be due to neurological damage, combined and potentially reversible effects of depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances.
The purpose of the study: to identify characteristics of cognitive impairment of elderly patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
Material and methods: the study involved 35 patients: 15 men and 20 women (median age 61.0 years, interquartile range (IQR, 25.0-75.0 percentiles) — 50.0-69.0 years, established clinical diagnosis: “New coronavirus infection COVID-19 (PCR+)”. Inclusion criteria were: 1) confirmation of the diagnosis of COVID-19 by clinical and PCR methods, 2) absence of mental disorders, incl. cognitive impairment prior to COVID-19. The exclusion criterion was age under 40 and over 90 years. The severity of COVID-19 was assessed in accordance with the criteria of the Interim Guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Clinical and psychopathological method, psychometric testing using the MMSE scale were used. Monitoring of current physical condition was carried out using The National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) for COVID-19. MMSE testing and monitoring of NEWS2 were carried out twice: upon presentation of cognitive complaints in the first days of hospitalization (1st measurement) and at discharge (2nd time point) Statistical processing was carried out using the STATISTICA 12 package. When comparing features, two-tailed Fisher’s test and Wilcoxon’s test were used. Correlation analysis was carried out using Kendall’s test. The level of statistical significance was p<0.05.
Results: Comparative analysis between the first and second measurements revealed an improvement in the cognitive performance of elderly patients with COVID-19 by the end of the hospital stay. A significant predominance of median indicators was revealed: orientation (Med 9.0, IQR 8.0-10.0 vs Med 7.0 IQR 6.0-8.0; p=.0000), immediate memory (Med 3.0 IQR 3.0-3.0 vs Med 2.0 IQR 2.0-3.0; p= .0006), attention and counting (Med 2.0 IQR 2.0-4.0 vs Med 2.0 IQR 1.0-3.0; p=.0000). word reproduction (Med 2.0 IQR 2.0-3.0 vs Med 1.0 IQR 1.0-2.0; p=.0000); speech (Med 6.0 IQR 6.0-8.0 vs Med 5.0 IQR 4.0-5.0; p=.0000). final score (Med 24.0 IQR 23.0-27.0 vs Med 17.0 IQR 15.0-20.0; p=.0000). Correlations between the MMSE scores and anamnestic data were analyzed. Significant negative correlations were found with age, disease severity (only at the 2nd time point), diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems. Statistically significant relationships with gender, disease severity at the first measurement, tumors, diseases of the endocrine, respiratory and genitourinary systems were not obtained.
Conclusion. Objective neurocognitive measurements can provide important information for neuropsychiatric sorting and should be included as endpoints in clinical trials.

Excessive use of the Internet in adolescents is often accompanied by a violation of their psychoemotional state, often in combination with other comorbid psychosomatic disorders and a high risk of their transformation into chronic types of pathology, which indicates the relevance of this problem. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the features of psycho-emotional characteristics of teenagers in Khakassia with different online behavior. Materials and methods. In the period from April to October 2021, random samples of students from 3 schools in the city of Abakan were examined in the amount of 393 people (46.3% boys and 53.7% girls) aged 12-18 years (average age 14.5±1, 3). The type of online behavior was verified by the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) by the value of the total CIAS score. The level of distress, depression, anxiety and somatization was determined according to the 4DSQ questionnaire, personal and reactive anxiety — according to the questionnaire of Ch.D. Spielberger — Yu.L. Khanin. The indicators were analyzed in 3 groups of adolescents: with adaptive Internet use (AIU), non-adaptive Internet use (NIU) and pathological Internet use (РIU). The data were processed in the program «Statistica 12».
Results. According to the study, it was found that AIU is typical for 53.2% of adolescents in Abakan, NIU — for 32.8% and Internet addict (РIU) — for 14.0%. The structure of psycho-emotional status disorders includes the presence of low levels of distress (76.8%), depression (75.8%), anxiety (85.2%) and somatization (81.7%) in the examined adolescents; moderately elevated levels of distress (16.0%), depression (12.5%), anxiety (6.9%) and somatization (16.0%); high levels of distress (7.1%), depression (11.7%), anxiety (7.9%) and somatization (2.3%). Psycho-emotional state disorders of adolescents are associated with the peculiarities of their online behavior. PIU and NIU are associated with a higher incidence of high levels of distress, depression, anxiety and somatization, a higher level of personal and reactive anxiety. Conclusion. Assessing the prospects for using the obtained results, we came to the conclusion that it is expedient to assess the psycho-emotional state and correct its disorders in adolescents with maladaptive network behavior in order to reduce the risk of developing psychosomatic disorders in this group.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops as a result of a powerful psycho-traumatic effect of a threatening or catastrophic nature, accompanied by extreme stress, the main clinical manifestations are repeated experiences of elements of a traumatic event in a “here and now” situation in the form of flashbacks, recurring dreams and nightmares, which accompanied more often by anxiety and panic, but possibly also by anger, anger, feelings of guilt or hopelessness, a desire to avoid internal and external stimuli that resemble or are associated with the stressor. PTSD tends to form personality disorders, is characterized by a high prevalence of comorbidity and severe social consequences. Improving diagnostic algorithms is an important component of care provided to patients with PTSD due to the need for accurate differentiation and verification of disorders, as well as the development and improvement of personalized methods of therapy. Based on a review of domestic and foreign literature, the article highlights topical issues of PTSD classification, provides a diagnostic algorithm in the context of an interdisciplinary approach. The importance and complexity of a personalized examination are noted, the main stages, methods and diagnostic tools necessary for the clinical verification of PTSD are considered. The necessity of involving medical psychologists in professional teams to participate in the implementation of treatment and diagnostic measures in order to determine the individual psychological characteristics of the patient that are preserved and impaired due to the disease, to identify targets for psychotherapeutic effects, and to objectify the dynamics of therapeutic measures, is considered.

In the monograph «Kritische und klinische Betrachtungen im Gebiete der Sinnestäuschungen» (1885) and in its Russian version «On pseudohallucinations» (1890) V.Kh. Kandinsky was the first in the world to present a detailed differentiation of clinical forms of false sensory perceptions, specificating simple hallucinations, dream-like hallucinations and two varieties of pseudohallucinations. He set out descriptions of phenomena that resemble false perceptions, but are not them: unvoluntary speech, some forms of pathology of the ideation sphere, and pathology of the imaginary sphere. Several mental states described by the author later entered the psychiatric lexicon under new names: «speech-motor hallucinations» (Séglas), «delusion of the imagination» (Dupré and Logre), «autistic thinking» (Bleuler), «hypotonia of consciousness» (Berze), «oneiroid form of experience» (Mayer-Gross). Kandinsky supplemented clinical descriptions with an original pathophysiological hypothesis. The author believed that the thalamus, specific to each modality and multimodal cell groups of the sensory cortex, centers of abstract (symbolized) representations, and Broca’s center are involved in various configurations in the acts of sensory perception and the origin of the forms of his deceptions; the state of the frontal functions and the nature of the reflection of images of perception in consciousness are of paramount importance.
The author illustrated his hypothesis with schemes of differentiated involvement of thalamocortical and transcortical networks. This article analyzes the reasons why Kandinsky’s hypothesis remained unknown to specialists until recently, and his descriptions of the forms of false sensory perceptions were taught in a distorted or simplified form. Despite the target testing of the hypothesis having never been carried out, all its main provisions are confirmed by the results of modern research. Russian psychiatrists successfully apply the systematics of hallucinations developed by Kandinsky in clinical practice. Remaining to this day the only clinical and pathophysiological hypothesis, Kandinsky´s clinical and pathophysiological hypothesis is extremely promising for studying the etiopathogenesis of mental illness and developing effective means of treating them.