Non-suicidal self-injury, as a type of auto-aggression, is a widespread behavioral problem among adolescents. Researchers have noted an increase in the number of self-harm in recent years. The aim of the work: to conduct a narrative review of the scientific literature on the epidemiology of auto-aggression and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Method: the article presents a narrative review of domestic and foreign literature on the epidemiology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI). Articles were selected and analyzed in the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Elibrary.ru, Scopus. To obtain basic information, publications from 2015 to 2022 were used, in international medical journals, as well as relevant references in the reference lists of the analyzed sources. At the same time, early publications on the subject were included for general information, definitions, and historical hindsight. The search was conducted using various variations of the specified keywords.

Results: NSSI is most common in adolescents and young adults, and the age of onset has been reported to be most common between 12 and 14 years of age. There is no unambiguously accurate estimate of the prevalence of NSSI, when studying the literature, the prevalence is estimated to be in a wide range from 7.5 to 46.5% among adolescents. According to foreign meta-analyses, at present the average percentage of adolescents who have resorted to self-harm is from 16.9% to 19.5% and tends to increase. The prevalence of the phenomenon has increased greatly with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Auto-aggressive behavior, self-injurious behavior, and non-suicidal self-harm are now common among adolescents. It should be noted that the prevalence rates of this phenomenon remain insufficiently studied and are presented by studies for Western countries, there is still a lack of data in studies of the adolescent population of the Russian Federation due to the low level of knowledge of the phenomenon in the country.

The aim of our study was to research the literature data available for analysis of the melatonin role in the neurological and mental disorders origin. Materials and methods: to compile a literature review by keywords, articles there were selected and analyzed in the MEDLINE / PubMed and e-library databases from 1993 to 2021. For a detailed analysis, 42 literature sources were selected for the melatonin role in the development of neurological and mental disorders. Results: Melatonin is a hormone with unique adaptive capabilities. Violation of its production, both quantitatively and its rhythm, is the starting point, leading at the initial stages to desynchronizes, followed by the emergence of organic pathology. Consequently, the very fact of a violation of melatonin production can be the cause of various diseases. It was found that the volume of the pineal gland can change with the development of various types of neurological and psychiatric diseases, which is associated with a violation of the synthesis of melatonin and serotonin. Melatonin has been found to have important protective properties in Alzheimer’s disease—the ability to inhibit the formation of betaamyloid peptide in the brain, which is the morphological basis of this disease. The same correlation was found in patients with autism, psychosis and obsessive-compulsive disorder compared with healthy volunteers. Regarding the neuroprotective properties of melatonin, it should be noted its effectiveness in age-related diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, vascular diseases) Conclusion: Melatonin can be considered as a unique bioregulator, adaptogen and stabilizer of the whole organism and, in particular, the functions of the central nervous system. It has been proven that disruption of melatonin metabolism leads to various neurological and mental disorders. 

Numerous studies of the COVID-19 effects on mental health have documented increases in anxiety and depressive symptoms, panic and adjustment disorders, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, somatic and psychological distress, feelings of loneliness, and alcohol use problems [21]. These findings suggest the need for further examination of the COVID-19 effects on mental health and adherence to preventive behavior regarding the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and relationship between somatic symptoms, perceived stress, and preventive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia.

Material and Methods. The participants were 1,987 volunteers who were recruited with the help of Anketolog, an empirical data collection company in Russia. All respondents completed a questionnaire with a sociodemographic form and Russian versions of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8, Perceived Stress Scale-10, and COVID-19 Preventive Behavior Index.

Results. Results showed that 39.1% of Russians had clinically significant somatic symptoms, 81% of Russians experienced moderate to high perceived stress, and from 46.5% to 84.4% of Russians were willing to follow some form of COVID-19 pandemic preventive behavior. Russians with somatic symptoms experienced more perceived stress than Russians without somatic symptoms, while Russians with higher perceived stress did not differ from Russians with lower perceived stress in frequency and severity of somatic symptoms.

Conclusion. Preventive and psychoeducational interventions can be useful in reducing somatization and perceived stress, maintaining and increasing the adherence of Russians to preventive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The study shows how insecure attachment types (anxious and avoidant) are associated with traits of the «dark triad» (narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism) in a sample of patients with borderline personality disorder. It was found that among the respondents, the greatest relationship was found in individuals with a predominance of the anxious type of attachment, who showed a statistically significant sharpening of such traits as: impulsiveness, manipulativeness, lack of sympathy and empathy («psychopathy»). And weakly expressed, relative to the sample, traits of demonstrativeness, egocentrism, inflated self-esteem (“narcissism”) and “Machiavellian” traits: a weak focus on moral standards, fixation on personal gain. There were no reliable data on the relationship between the avoidant type and dark triad traits in the course of the study, however, avoidant and anxious types are significantly correlated with low levels of psychological well-being among patients with borderline personality disorder. 

The aim of the work was to analyze the results of the correction of the social and educational rote of children, diagnosed with moderate mental retardation, receiving social services in stationary institutions for mentally disabled children. At the first stage, as a result of a continuous personal examination of 621 children living in three stationary social service institutions for children with mental disorders, 134 children were identified who presumably needed to clarify the diagnosis and change the educational and social route. At the second stage, in order to clarify the diagnosis and the educational route, a commission psychological, medical and pedagogical examination of 48 children was carried out. In 45 cases the IQ, assessed by Wechsler test, did not correspond to the diadnosis: in 24 cases the IQ was in the interval, corresponding to mild intellectual disability (50-69 points), in 21 cases IQ was above 70 points. As a result of the second stage, 26 children were transferred from a stationary social service organization for children with mental disorders to children’s homes in the education system, where they began training in adapted educational programs at a higher level. At the third stage of the study, the results of adaptation of 21 children were analyzed. It is shown that the main difficulties in the adaptation of children were not associated with the degree of intellectual impairment, but with the difficulties of transferring to an educational program of a higher level, the severity of emotional-volitional and behavioral disorders, communication disorders. It is concluded that the success of the correction of the social and educational route of children depends on the readiness of employees of educational and educational institutions to carry out rehabilitation work, the quality of psychiatric care.

The authors have attempted to design and verify by means of mathematical modelling methods a model of comprehensive (medical, social and psychological) prognosis in cardiovascular disease, which would cover different aspects of patients’ disease, treatment and life functioning and would be relevant to the objectives of the treatment and rehabilitation process. A multidisciplinary set of methods was used to accomplish the aim: clinical and psychological. The study included 437  patients with coronary heart disease and/or chronic heart failure undergoing surgical treatment.

Part  I of the article presents the results of the first 4 stages of the study. 1) A theoretical prediction model based on existing data was developed and empirically tested on different patient populations at various stages of surgical treatment. 2) An overall information database was compiled on the basis of our own research. A total of 245  indicators were taken into account; they were expertly divided into five groups: clinical, socio-behavioural, personality characteristics, emotional state indicators, and cognitive functioning indicators. 3)  The missing cells in the sampling matrix were filled in by means of mathematical modelling and neural networks. 4) An exploratory factor analysis of all characteristics in the allocated groups was performed, resulting in 24  factors: 3  in the group of clinical characteristics (“Coronary heart disease”, “Transplantation”, “Patient’s age and duration of heart failure”), 6  in the group of socio-behavioural (“Social and occupational orientation”, “Keeping a habitual lifestyle in spite of illness”, “Occupational strain”, “Lifestyle”, “Non-adherent behaviour”, “Occupational stress”), 5  in the group of personality characteristics (“Attitude towards illness”, “Motivational orientation”, “Decreased resilience”, “Irrational beliefs”, “Coping strategies and coping resources”), 4 in the group of emotional state characteristics (“Dominant emotional state and feelings”, “Quality of life and mood”, “Absence of anxiety at the moment of the study”, “Functioning in conditions of illness”), 6  in the group of characteristics of cognitive functioning (“Neuropsychological characteristics”, “Spatial–constructive thinking and pace of mental activity”, “Visual memory”, “Attention and verbal–logical thinking”, “Verbal memory”, “No significant decrease in IQ”).

The history of irreversible non-selective MAOI antidepressants in the USSR and Russia is systemized. The history of representatives’ appearance is described. The history of the study of pharmacological effects is highlighted. The history of the study of clinical effects in various mental disorders is analyzed in chronological order. The history of use in somatic pathology is summarized. The history of the use of special pharmaceutical forms is considered. The history of new experimental compounds creation is submitted. The features of history of irreversible non-selective MAOI antidepressants in the USSR and Russia in comparison with their history in other countries are characterized.

Schizophrenia has accompanied mankind since ancient times. The symptoms of this disease were reflected in ancient literature and in Holy Scripture. About 1% of the general population suffers from schizophrenia in civilized countries, and in turn, about 25 to 50% of patients in psychiatric clinics are represented by patients with schizophrenia. VD  Vid cites data that schizophrenia is the cause of 39.9% of cases of the total number of mentally disabled people and links such a high percentage of morbidity with insufficient development and implementation of secondary and tertiary prevention. The purpose of this article was to investigate the features of emotional relationships of schizophrenia patients to other people and family members presented in the scientific literature. There are two groups of authors with the opposite opinion about the emotional relationships of a schizophrenic patient. One group of authors (E.  Bleiler, E.  Kraepelin, V.P.  Kritskaya et al., I.Ya.  Lagun, D.  Hell and M.  Fischer-Felten, K.  Jaspers) notes that at the beginning of the disease, and then—in a developing weakly or with a pronounced personality defect, patients develop emotional cooling, isolation from loved ones. Another group (V.D.  Vid, A.A.  Kempinski, Сz.P.  Korolenko and N.V.  Dmitrieva, A.P.  Kotsiubinsky  etc., A.S.  Tiganov etc., A.B.  Kholmogorova etc., S.  Arieti) at the same time has information that to some extent an altruistic, attentive attitude to abstract, unfamiliar and unfamiliar people is preserved, and can also have a “symbiotic” relationship with one of the parents. These contradictory aspects of the emotional side, as a reflection of emotional attachment, the relationship of patients to their close environment, allow us to outline the vector of subsequent experimental verification and refinement.

Importance of the problem. Diseases of the cardiovascular system are in the first place among the causes of death and disability in most industrialized countries, which is undoubtedly an urgent medical and social problem and causes significant economic damage. The prevalence of depressive disorders in modern society, according to WHO estimates, is quite high, and the causes of depressive disorders and methods for their correction in patients with various somatic diseases have been the subject of study by specialists around the world for many decades. The comorbidity of depressive disorders with cardiac pathology is beyond doubt, and the bidirectional relationship of these disorders significantly aggravates the condition of patients, worsens their quality of life and reduces adherence to treatment. The most important conditions for the use of antidepressants in cardiology practice are good tolerability, absence of toxic effect, minimal interaction with other drugs, and relative safety in case of overdose. Vortioxetine, being a modern multimodal antidepressant, demonstrates not only a sufficiently high antidepressant and anti-anxiety activity, but also has a procognitive effect, as well as minimal side effects and undesirable cross-interactions with other drugs, which is confirmed by international randomized placebo-controlled trials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Vortioxetine in the treatment of concomitant depressive disorders in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), angina pectoris 2-3 functional class (FC) (I 20.8 according to ICD-10), receiving complex therapy for the main (cardiological) diseases at the inpatient and outpatient stages of therapy. Materials and methods. The study included patients with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease, angina pectoris FC 2-3, hypertension 2-3, aged 45 to 66 years (mean age 57.1±1.1 years), receiving complex therapy for the underlying cardiac disease and Vortioxetine at a dose of 10-15 mg/day. within 8 weeks. Anxiety and depressive manifestations were assessed on the HADS scale, the level of cognitive impairment on the PDQ questionnaire, social functioning on the SF-36 questionnaire, the general clinical impression on the CGI-C scale, and the main indicators of the functioning of the cardiovascular system upon admission to the hospital, after 4 weeks of hospitalization. treatment and another 4 weeks after discharge during the period of outpatient observation.

The result of the combined therapy of patients with cardiac pathology and concomitant depressive disorder (basic therapy for CVD and Vortioxetine) was not only an improvement in the cardiovascular system (decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, the frequency of anginal pain, an increase in exercise tolerance), but also the relief of depressive manifestations, which contributed to an increase in the adherence of cardiological patients to the implementation of medical recommendations, and, in turn, led to a decrease in the level of end points—mortality, hospitalization rates, progression of chronic heart failure and disability. Conclusions. Appointment of Vortioxetine to cardiac patients with concomitant depressive disorder of moderate severity is quite effective not only in terms of relief of painful manifestations of the CVS, but also leads to a reduction in anxiety-depressive disorders and an improvement in cognitive and social functioning. The good tolerability of the drug makes it possible to recommend it for the treatment of depressive disorders in cardiological patients in a hospital setting and in outpatient practice.