In this scientific review authors analyze actual questions of the study of developmental delay in children. The issues of etiology, diagnostic, clinical features are outlined as well as epidemiological data. Paper also includes the analysis of present native and international classifications and suggests our own recommendations and prospective approaches to scientific concept of developmental delay in childhood.

A study was conducted on depressive patients (n = 100, F.31-33, mean age 48 ±16 yrs) to identify factors for improve treatment effectiveness, clinical and chronobiological characteristics were evaluated. Positive predictors included morningness, disease duration less than 1 year, low severity of depression, symptoms of anxiety while eveningness, disease duration more than 10 years, symptoms of hypochondria, high severity of depression were assessed as negative. Eveningness was associated with family history of mood disorders, early onset, severe disease, prescription of antidepressants in the morning (the proportion of responders was higher among TCAs and SSRIs groups); morningness with preponderance of women - in the evening.

The level of social functioning is one of the criteria for severity of depressive disorder, and restoration of social functions is one of the main goals of antidepressant therapy. The characteristics of cognitive impairment and their effect on social functioning in patients with nonpsychotic depressive disorders were examined in this study. Working age out-patients (71 people) of both sexes with a primary or a recurrent depressive episode or with dysthymia who had a MADRS total score at least 15, did not take psychopharmacological drugs and signed informed consent form were included in the study. Along with clinical and psychopathological examination, the severity of depressive symptoms was measured using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17). The level of social functioning was assessed using the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-les-Q), as well as the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) and the Rustanovich Scale of Social Functioning. The study of patients cognitive functioning included testing of memory (memory for faces), attention (the Landolt broken ring test), reaction speed (the simple sensorimotor reaction), psychomotor functioning (the finger-tapping test) and executive functions (the Stroop test, the reaction to a moving object). The cognitive tests battery was carried out with the help of the hardware-software psychodiagnostic complex «MP-05». As a result of the study, it was found that the indices of social functioning in patients with depressive disorders correlated with the level of severity of depressive symptoms, duration of depressive disorder, professional status of patients and impairment of cognitive functions. The average cognitive profile of the studied patients with depression was characterized predominantly by impaired executive functions, however, in cases of the most severe manifestations of depressive symptoms, a significant reduction in many cognitive functions, including memory, attention and reaction speed, was noted. Patients who had the lowest rates of social functioning were also characterized by a more pronounced reduction in all cognitive indices. The use of SSRI antidepressants not only facilitated the reduction of depressive symptoms, but also improved social functioning in patients with depressive disorders. The use of nootropic drugs in combination with antidepressants in a number of patients allowed a more significant reduction in the symptoms of depression and a more pronounced improvement in cognitive performance, especially executive functions, due to which they had more increase in the levels of social functioning and quality of life compared with patients on antidepressant monotherapy.

Psychological and psychopathological features of personality and psychological state of oncological patients are considered. There are results of study of some clinical and clinical-psychological indicators in 75 women with first-time diagnosed oncological diseases at the stage of active specialized treatment. It was shown that high indicators of anxiety, depression, actual and personal anxiety are combined with low rates of suicidal willingness, actualization of anti-suicidal factors, decreasing quality of life indicators, and personal responses impairing psychological adaptation. The revealed violating features of psychological adaptation made it possible to distinguish three blocks of tasks and targets of psychotherapeutic assistance for these patients taking into account a stage of the main treatment.

Dementia causes a violation of the autonomy of the patient and determines the need for assistance from another person. Being a severe mental disorder, dementia has a multifactorial adverse impact on the social environment of the patient. The purpose of the non-repeated studies 214 persons engaging in patient care with dementia has been the study of their functioning and the social definition of their frustration. Applied psychometric, sociometric and statistical research methods, method of sociological interview. The high social indicators of their frustration, the majority of caregivers. Functional activity of caring for seriously ill had significantly lower severity of stress among these individuals is higher.

A number of issues concerning the role and place of organic personality disorder in the epilepsy clinic are considered. For a more differentiated approach to the diagnosis of organic personality disorder in connection with epilepsy, his systematics is proposed, including cognitive, emotional-volitional disorders and personality changes that form independent pathoharacological formations with predominance of explosive or defensive traits. A specificity of this symptomatology is described, differential-diagnostic signs are defined. The relationship between the degree of severity of epilepsy inherent in patients with organic personality disorder and the degree of social activity is examined.

Study of oculomotor response (OMR) in patients with various psychiatric disorders gives us a chance to obtainvaluable information about cortical mechanisms linked with cognitive functioning as well as about the basic stages of motor skills organization in central nervous system. In our research the functioning of saccadic system in patients with affective and anxiety spectrum disorders has been evaluated. With the help of video-oculography 70 subjects were tested (13-with recurrent depression,10-with bipolar affective disorder, 22-with anxiety spectrum disorders, 25-control group). Both in patients with affective disorders and anxiety disorders the increase of latency in reflectoryprosaccades’ programming has been revealed.However, the accuracy of this cognitive task performance has been compromised only in patients with affective disorders. No operational efficiency deficit has been detected in all the studied groups. The mistakes number in antisaccade test and the rate of multisaccades was higher in patients with affective disorders opposite to the normal results of those tests in patients with anxiety spectrum disorders. The possible neurophysiological mechanisms of detected oculomotor disturbances are discussed in the paper.

The article presents modern data on the comorbidity of depression and obesity in terms of causation, general pathophysiological mechanisms of formation and development. It presents also the impact of one of the comorbid diseases on the success of the treatment another disease in the search for ways to improve the effectiveness of depression therapy. The expediency of isolation of specific depressive-metabolic endophenotype is shown. It allow to gain new knowledge about etiology and pathogenesis of depression, and to optimize therapy.

The questions of methodology of studying of relatives of patients with chronic diseases are considered. Challenges of implementation of burnuot construct into the area of research of addict’s relatives are described. This challenges are connected with inertness of the installations accenting only destructive components of relative - addict interaction and lack of measures for assessment of constructive components of personal activity of addict’s relatives. Social, economic and cultural conditions of various models of understanding of psychology of addictive patient’s relatives are analyzed.

There are the concept of mild cognitive decline (Mild cognitive impairment - MCI) and current approaches to the diagnosis pre-dementia (symptomatic) stage of Alzheimer’s disease in this discussing article. The article highlights previously attempts of preventive treatment of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. This article discusses the results of the new clinical and neurobiological research aimed at finding the clinical and biological monitoring methods and the prognosis of prolonged effects of different types of neuroprotective therapy (on models of therapeutic courses with Cerebrolysin and Citicoline).

Free radical processes, the degree of their intensification are one of the main pathogenetic factors in the development of many diseases in old age. The purpose of this study was to identify the severity of OS in patients with mild cognitive decline (presumably Alzheimer’s disease), with mild cognitive decline in vascular etiology, in persons suffering from a depressive disorder compared to a control group of the same age. A special vulnerability of the glutathione system was found in patients of all the examined groups, in particular, in people with depression, in comparison with healthy elderly people. A decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase, significantly more pronounced in the examined patients with late depression, was revealed. The data obtained agree with the IDEA existing in modern science on the role of OS as a key element in the pathogenesis of depressive states.

The influence of phytocomposition on the quality of sleep of 23 elderly women, as well as on the psychoemotional state and hemodynamic parameters, was studied. There was a decrease in the time of falling asleep, an increase in the duration of sleep, a decrease in the frequency of nocturnal awakenings, and an increase in the evaluation of the quality assessment of awakening on the 21st day of the phytocomposition application. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anxiety, systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure.

Cerebral strokes in 25-90 % of cases are accompanied by the emergence of various mental disorders. Thus, in 80% of cases of mental disorders manifest mental disorders nonpsychotic level (affective, cognitive, behavioral, personality), which are dominated by depressive disorders. The maximum frequency of depressive episodes recorded in the periods 3-6 months after stroke (70%). The risk of death when combined stroke depression increases 2.6 times, and the treatment of depression can prevent 11% of stroke. National center of psychiatry and neurology im. V.M. Bekhterev has 25 years of experience of use in patients with consequences of sharp violations of cerebral circulation of the drug gliatilin, which not only improves the neuroplasticity of the brain tissue but improves cognitive function and normalization of the emotional sphere of patients. One of the most important symptoms of depression are sleep disturbances. Changes in the structure of sleep in the acute period of stroke prognostic importance. Antidepressant trazodone used in the treatment of depressive disorders accompanied by insomnia. Doctors evaluated the effectiveness of the therapy, trittico in 34% of cases as excellent, 45% as good and 21% of cases as satisfactory. Patients evaluated the effectiveness of the drug in 24% of cases as excellent, 55% as good and 22% as satisfactory. To continue the drug treatment were in agreement 87% of patients.

The work is devoted to the description of the main principles and tasks of medical and psychological support of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). These principles include: the principle of continuity and phase, the principle of complexity, the principle of accessibility, the principle of differentiation, the principle of integrativity and the principle of system-style. The tasks of medical and psychological support of MS patients are related to period of the disease, key characteristics of the clinical picture and therapeutic problems.

This article contains a brief biography and dynamics of development of mental disorder of a famous japan writer Akutagava Ryunoske. Material for psychopathological analysis - articles and memories about him, but especially content of his works. Development of a condition close to that of oneiroid, after phase of a neurotic disorders, described in story «cogwheels».The reasons of his suicide are also being analyzed. Stimulation of creativity over the period of oneiroid disorders, is unique phenomenon.

The authors argue historical and conceptual continuity of psychoneurology, of the complex and biopsychosocial approaches to human research, as well as humanistic paradigm in medicine and psychology. It is demonstrated that the principles of the complex approach to human research, which were advanced by V.M. Bekhterev, then were developed and implemented not only at the Psychoneurological Institute, but also in scientific and pedagogical schools of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) State University. At the current stage of research these principles are largely correspond with the key points of the biopsychosocial approach, which suggests the exploration of complex interrelationships between biological, psychological and social components of a unique human personality in the situation of health and disease.