This article is a narrative review focused on the analysis of drug-induced akathisia associated with the use of antipsychotics exhibiting partial agonist activity at D2 receptors. The aim — analysis of the frequency and clinical characteristics of drug-induced akathisia associated with third-generation antipsychotics, and discussion of strategies for its recognition and management in clinical practice. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, RSCI, and eLibrary databases. Articles containing the following keywords were included: akathisia, antipsychotics, aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, lurasidone. Studies lacking clinical data were excluded. Priority was given to meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials. Results: Akathisia remains one of the most common adverse effects of antipsychotic therapy. Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine are associated with akathisia in 5–15% of cases. Lurasidone shows a comparable risk. Symptoms are usually mild to moderate, and severe cases are rare. The effectiveness of therapeutic strategies—such as dose reduction, switching drugs, β-blockers, or benzodiazepines—remains limited. Conclusion: Akathisia has a substantial impact on treatment adherence and requires clinical vigilance. Diagnosis is complicated by nonspecific symptoms and necessitates the use of validated rating scales (e.g., BARS). An individualized approach and further research are needed to improve   prevention and management of this condition.

Rationale. Suicide is a significant cause of death in patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). Therefore, developing effective methods for suicide prevention is a pressing scientific and practical challenge in psychiatric practice. Globally, various intervention programs aimed at preventing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia and SSDs have been developed and are in use. The objective of this study was to search, systematize, and generalize data from Russian-language scientific sources regarding specific interventions (programs, models, strategies, and systems) aimed at preventing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia and SSDs. Material and Methods. A search and analysis of Russian-language articles were conducted in the academic electronic libraries (database libraries) eLIBRARY. ru and CyberLeninka using various combinations of the following keywords: «program», «strategy», «model», «system», «prevention», «suicidal behavior», «suicide» and «schizophrenia». Results. The search did not identify any specialized suicidal behavior prevention programs developed for patients with schizophrenia and SSDs. Conclusion. According to the analysis of Russian scientific literature, there are currently no suicide prevention programs available in our country for patients with schizophrenia and SSDs. The development, approbation, and integration of such programs are essential for improving the quality of psychiatric care, enhancing treatment outcomes, and reducing mortality. This will require a comprehensive approach, including staff training, the development of specific protocols, and the creation of accessible support resources for patients. There is a clear need to develop such programs at both the regional and national levels. The existing practical experience in organizing suicide prevention measures within the general population and among patients with other mental disorders at the regional and individual institutional levels must be adapted and utilized for targeted suicide prevention programs for patients with schizophrenia and SSDs.

Impulsivity is a multidimensional psychological and neurocognitive construct encompassing both stable personality traits and context-dependent behavioral tendencies sensitive to stress, emotional states, and the acute or chronic effects of psychoactive substances. It plays a critical role in the onset, progression, and recurrent course of alcohol dependence and other alcohol use disorders (AUDs). This review examines impulsivity through its principal structural components, including impulsive choice (delay discounting and decision-making deficits), negative and positive urgency, sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, and motor and anticipatory impulsivity. Evidence indicates that distinct subcomponents differentially contribute to early initiation of alcohol use, escalation of consumption, craving intensity, treatment non-adherence, and increased relapse risk. Special attention is given to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying impulsivity, involving dysregulation within frontostriatal, prefrontal, limbic, and interoceptive networks, as well as the modulatory effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on executive control and emotional regulation systems. The review also discusses the conceptualization of impulsivity as a set of candidate endophenotypes reflecting heritable vulnerability to alcohol dependence, supported by findings on the heritability of distinct impulsivity domains, their presence in unaffected relatives, and the relative stability of certain indices across clinical states. Therapeutic approaches targeting impulsivity are examined across psychosocial, cognitive, and biological domains, including cognitive-behavioral and personality-targeted interventions, mindfulness-based methods, executive-function training, and emerging neuromodulation strategies. The review highlights the need for standardized impulsivity assessment tools, harmonized relapse definitions, and the development of personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies for alcohol dependence and other AUDs.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) encompass a broad spectrum of traumatic events occurring before the age of 18, including abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction. ACEs are associated with an elevated risk of developing mental and behavioural disorders, particularly in the context of polyvictimisation. This narrative review examines current approaches to assessing ACEs, with a focus on measurement criteria and scale validation. Particular attention is paid to the reliability and validity of existing instruments and to their applicability in clinical and research settings, taking into account the methodological challenges inherent in retrospective assessment. The review underscores the importance of incorporating temporal parameters into ACE scales to enhance their diagnostic and prognostic value. Given the limitations of existing methods, the need for developing or refining assessment tools that address temporal, cultural, and content-related factors is emphasised. The potential protective role of positive childhood experiences   (PCEs) is also considered.

The scientific review summarizes current data on the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in motor impairments accompanied by speech deficits or loss, and analyzes the psychological and social consequences of limited communication. It is shown that in children, such impairments hinder full cognitive and social development, complicate learning, and impede the formation of interpersonal relationships, which leads to increased anxiety and decreased self-esteem. In adults, speech loss is associated with disruption of habitual social roles, professional activity, and autonomy, increasing the risk of depression and social isolation. The use of AAC-ranging from gestural and pictographic systems to high-technology devices and brain–computer interfaces has been proven to enhance communication skills, promote inclusion in educational, professional, and social activities, improve emotional well-being, and reduce the burden on caregivers. The effectiveness of AAC largely depends on timely implementation, individual adaptation of tools, and the involvement of a multidisciplinary team. Key barriers include insufficient specialist training, financial and technical constraints, fear of stigmatization, and mismatches between technology and user needs. The future of AAC development lies in the integration of artificial intelligence, expansion of interface functionality, personalization of solutions, and the creation of an inclusive social environment. The review concludes that a comprehensive approach-encompassing early implementation, training for both users and their environment, and the development of support infrastructure can significantly improve the quality of life for people with motor impairments

Modern science, when considering the biopsychosocial nature of neuropsychiatric disorders, recognizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach based on the philosophy of holism and the adaptive-compensatory concept. This concept states that systems and their properties should be viewed as globally integral and inseparable units, rather than as a simple sum of their individual parts. In recent years, researchers have focused on a deeper understanding of the biological components of neuropsychiatric conditions. This has led to the emergence of the concept of social neurology, which emphasizes the significance of biological factors in the development of both mental and neurological disorders. Proponents of this field actually focus on social-brain interactions while ignoring psychological factors. They use the term «psychological mechanisms» casually without providing a clear definition. However, it is worth noting that the theory of functional systems proposed by P.K. Anokhin views adaptive outcome as being beneficial for the system and the body as the primary system-forming element in the development of illness. In the case of mental health issues, such system-forming aspects are the biological and psychological adaptation and compensation abilities of individuals, which ultimately determine the character of their social functioning. Considering this circumstance, it appears that the concept of social neuropsychiatry, which has recently received terminological formalization, emphasizes the strengths of social neurology and, consequently, the need for in-depth study of the biological basis of suffering. At the same time, it draws attention to the importance of considering the fundamental principles of the bio-psycho-social concept, namely, the theory of functional systems, which is essential for understanding the adaptive-compensatory mechanisms of individuals. This situation allows us to talk about a new field of science, social neuropsychiatric, which essentially is a holistic approach to diagnosis.

The article presents a comprehensive critical discussion on the established approaches to the phenomenon of child giftedness. The author argues that the widespread practice of early and unequivocal labeling of children as «gifted» is scientifically unfounded and potentially harmful. The key argument is grounded in neuroscience: a child’s brain is in a state of continuous and heterochronic development, reaching maturity only in early adulthood. Exceptional abilities observed in childhood are often not a stable personal trait but a consequence of a temporary high mental development rate (HMDR) or asynchrony, where, for instance, cognitive functions outpace emotional-volitional development. This effect may level off with age, leading to the phenomenon of «leveling out.» The primary focus of the work is the analysis of serious mental maladjustment risks faced by a child initially identified as «gifted.» When their development rate naturally slows down, they encounter inflated expectations from parents and teachers, which can provoke the development of neurotic disorders, impostor syndrome, chronic anxiety, social maladjustment, and depressive states. As an alternative, the author proposes abandoning the static model of «giftedness» in favor of a dynamic concept of a «high mental development rate» (HMDR). This paradigm shift necessitates a revision of the system of psychological and pedagogical support. The key objective should not be the selection of «young geniuses» but the creation of a variable developmental environment focused on supporting personal well-being and preventing maladjustment, with the mandatory provision of timely psychological assistance.

A total of 126 postpartum women were examined using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Two groups were identified: 1) the group at risk of postpartum depression (PPD) (27 people, 21.4%); 2) the group of clinically expressed postpartum depression (PPD) (99 people, 78.6%). The calculations showed the homogeneity of variances of the compared subgroups (Levine’s homogeneity criterion = 1.900, p = 0.154) and a significant difference in intergroup variance at the trend level (F = 2.987, p = 0.054). Based on the homogeneity of variances indicator, the Scheffe method was chosen for intergroup pairwise post hoc comparison. The average value of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) sum of the unmarried examined women was higher at the trend level compared to those examined in unregistered relationships (p = 0.069). There were no significant differences between those examined with registered/unregistered relationships (p=0.218). According to the results of the study, the marital status of those examined was a significant factor determining belonging to the risk group for PPD/clinically expressed PPD group. The difference between the obtained results and previous studies is that the only factor predicting a woman’s belonging to the risk group for PPD or clinically expressed PPD is the quality of her marital relationship.

Objectives. This study aimed to analyze the neural mechanisms of visual attention and voluntary eye movements in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). Materials and methods. We applied a «memory-guided saccades/antisaccades» task with electroencephalogram and electrooculogram recording in CHR (n = 16) and mentally healthy participants (n = 20). Behavioral parameters (latency of saccades and antisaccades and number of errors), as well as peak amplitude and latency of visual evoked potentials (EP) to the cue to perform a saccade were assessed. A part of patients (n = 12) and another control group (n = 17) underwent resting-state fMRI; functional connectivity (FC) was analyzed within and between three networks, namely the dorsal attention, salience, and visual networks. Results. CHR participants performed antisaccades with longer latency but no between-group differences were found in EP parameters. CHR group showed an increased FC of the salience network with visual and dorsal attention networks. Shorter antisaccade latency was associated with higher FC between the anterior cingulate cortex and medial occipital cortex. However, this result did not survive the correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusion. EEG analysis revealed no evidence of deficits in neurophysiological processes associated with early and intermediate visual EP components in the CHR group. The observed FC features in CHR might reflect compensatory processes, although the results of correlation analysis did not allow us to confirm associations between the FC and performance on a «memory-guided saccades/antisaccades» task at this stage.

This article presents a challenging rehabilitation case of a female patient with bipolar disorder (BD). The described case details the onset of the disease, its subsequent progression, and personalized therapy selection, culminating in the prescription of cariprazine, which improved the patient’s compliance. The significance of this case for professional discussion lies in the empirically demonstrated efficacy of cariprazine in patients with low adherence to medical recommendations, particularly due to side effects of medications and complex prophylactic treatment regimens.

This article examines the historical and methodological confrontation between Vladimir M. Bekhterev and Ivan P. Pavlov, which has exerted a long-lasting influence on the development of both Russian and international psychiatry. Objective. To demonstrate that the dispute between V.M. Bekhterev and I.P. Pavlov was not a marginal episode in the history of science but a clash between two research strategies that continue to be reproduced in psychiatry when selecting descriptive language, standards of evidence, and levels of clinical intervention. Materials and methods. A historical–methodological analysis of key conceptual oppositions (objectivism vs subjectivity, reductionism vs holism, corticocentrism vs hierarchical brain organisation) was conducted, with reference to typologically analogous scientific debates in other disciplines (Freud–Jung, Einstein–Bohr, Cuvier–Saint-Hilaire), as well as through engagement with contemporary clinical and research contexts.   Results. The Pavlovian trajectory supports standardisation, operationalisation, and biomarker-oriented research, whereas the Bekhterevian framework preserves the phenomenological and social-psychiatric completeness of the clinical case, including subjective experience, subcortical mechanisms, and environmental context. It is demonstrated that a productive resolution in the twenty-first century lies not in choosing one paradigm over the other, but in constructing methodological “bridges” between levels of description. Conclusion. The historical legacy of Bekhterev and Pavlov retains methodological relevance insofar as it enables clinicians to maintain a balance between evidence-based objectification and clinically adequate interpretation   of subjective experience. Contemporary personalised psychiatry therefore requires a dialectical synthesis of both traditions. The continued relevance of this legacy may be further operationalised through scientometric analysis of modern publications that explicitly cite their works or reproduce their methodological approaches.