Summary. The current biopsychosocial paradigm in medicine and medical psychology ensures the development of the theory and methodology of medical psychodiagnostics as a comprehensive study of psychological and psychosocial factors underlying mental adaptation. The diagnostic of prenosological and initial manifestations of borderline spectrum disorders designated as adjustment disorders in ICD-10 (F43.2), requires the criteria qualification of real or potential stressogenic social functioning conditions, thus, an arsenal of adequate methods of clinical and medical-psychosocial psychodiagnostics is required. The questionnaire «Social Frustration Level» represents one of such methods. The study of social frustration phenomenon as a predictor of emotional tension and stress resistance allows to characterize personality traits in relation to environmental influence and assess the specificity and pathogenic significance of socially frustrating factors. The article substantiates theoretical and methodological foundations of the questionnaire, its attributive characteristics — the phenomena of external and internal social frustration identified in medical psychodiagnostics for the first time. Socio-diagnostic criteria are illustrated by examples of the practical use in medical psychodiagnostics of social frustration in teachers of mass schools, the military and in patients with focal epilepsy. The specified research contingent is united by the problem of stress resistance in crisis situations (including a disease situation and the attitude to the disease). The questionnaire «Social Frustration Level» can be considered as a necessary form of psychosocial diagnostics of stress genesis, a source of information in screening psychoprophylactic studies, as well as in the forming of indications for psycho- and sociotherapy.

Summary. Mental disorders are clinically heterogeneous chronic diseases resulting from complex interactions between genotype variants and environmental factors. Epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation and post-translational histone modification, determine the interpretation by the body at the cellular and tissue levels of various environmental factors. Given that epigenetic modifications are environmentally sensitive, stable and reversible, epigenetic research in psychiatry may be a promising approach to better understanding and treating mental illness. This review discusses the clinical opportunities and challenges posed by epigenetic research in psychiatry. Using individual examples, the main conclusions are drawn that confirm the role of adverse life events, alone or in combination with genetic risk, in the epigenetic programming of neuropsychiatric systems. Further epigenetic studies show encouraging results in the use of methylation changes as diagnostic markers of disease manifestations and provide predictive tools for assessing progression and response to treatment. The potential for the use of targeted epigenetic pharmacotherapy, combined with psychosocial methods, in the context of the personalized medicine of the future in psychiatry is discussed next. It concludes with a discussion of methodological limitations that can make it difficult to interpret epigenetic data in psychiatry. They mainly arise due to the heterogeneity of individuals, both at the level of the whole organism and at the level of tissues, and require new strategies to better assess the biological significance of epigenetic data and their translational use in psychiatry. Overall, we believe that epigenetics can provide new insights and a more comprehensive understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of mental illness, and should ultimately improve the nosology, treatment and prevention of mental disorders.

Summary. In connection with the growing volume of scientific data on the genetic problems of generalized epilepsy in recent decades, the ambiguity of the therapeutic tactics and prognosis of this cohort of patients has become obvious based solely on the phenotypic characteristics of the patient. It is known that epilepsies with similar phenotypes show a different genetic nature, different pathogenesis of the development of epileptogenesis and response to therapy. The outcomes also differ, both in terms of seizure control and in terms of cognitive functions.

The article presents an overview of the factors that must be taken into account when manifesting childhood absentee epilepsy: the child’s gender, types of seizures, cognitive profile, results of electroencephalography and neuroimaging. Attention is paid to the genes that determine the development of these forms of epilepsy in children.

Summary. Introduction. Historically, depressive disorders have been described in various forms of schizophrenia by Kraepelin (1923) or as a reaction to illness by Bleuler (1922). One of the alternative points of view that has been considered in recent years is that depressive disorders are a comorbid condition of schizophrenia or one of the manifestations of schizophrenia. However, to date, depression, as a symptom, is not included in the diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10. Methodological approaches to diagnosing depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia differ in different countries and research groups. This influences the prevalence rates of depressive disorders in schizophrenic patients. Purpose. The study and systematization of studies of the incidence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia.
Methods. Russian-language and foreign literature was analyzed with a search depth of 10 years (2010–2020) in the following databases: PubMed, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis Online, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Science Direct and eLIBRARY .RU.
Results. A total of 51 studies of depressive disorders in children and adults with schizophrenia were found.
Conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia varies from 9.1 and to 100%, the average frequency is 41.6%. Their frequency is variable and depends on the region of residence and ethnicity. It is noted that depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia are more often recorded among residents of the Middle East (72.7%), Russia (61.8%) and Europe (39.6%), less often among residents of Southeast Asia (32%) and the Pacific region ( 37.3%). The countries with the highest incidence of depressive disorders in schizophrenia include: USA, Germany, China; and to the countries with the lowest frequency — Denmark, Israel, South Africa. Also, I would like to note that the largest number of studies conducted was in Europe (16 studies with 36 928 patients with schizophrenia), the USA (6 studies with 2314 patients) and the Russian Federation (6 studies with 582 patients). In general, in the world, according to 51 studies analyzed, the incidence of depressive disorders in schizophrenia in men is higher than in women, although gender differences did not reach statistical significance in all regions of the world.

Summary. In order to study the correlation of clinical-biological and socio-psychological characteristics of women with cosmetological problems of the skin of the face using a complex of methods of clinical, clinical-psychological and psychometric diagnostics, 110 patients of the cosmetology clinic were studied and were divided into four diagnostic groups («Gravitational ptosis»,»Mimic wrinkles»,»Acne»,»Skin dehydration»). The average age of the sample was 35.64 ± 1.11 years. The specific objectives of the study were to study the relationship between age, clinical and psychological characteristics of patients; the effectiveness of cosmetological treatment and the psychological characteristics of the patients; the degree of influence of the cosmetological problem on the vital activity and psychological characteristics of the patients; attitude towards oneself and other psychological characteristics of women with facial skin defects.
Based on the analysis of special literature and the results of our own research, it is shown that it is necessary to study the relationship of psychological and clinical-biological factors for the individualization of the process of cosmetological correction of the facial skin.
A statistically significant relationship was established between age and clinical diagnosis, between age and psychological characteristics of patients. It has been proven that subjective satisfaction with the results of treatment positively correlates with extraversion and self-confidence, as well as with an objective assessment of the effectiveness of treatment, which in turn is interrelated with patient satisfaction with their social and professional status, as well as with the internal orientation of the personality - factors that contribute to compliance. and partnership in the treatment process.
It was revealed: the higher the severity of the facial skin defect, the more self-doubt, inability to cooperate and cooperate in the personality structure, and the lower the expert assessment of the effectiveness of treatment.

Summary. The aim of the study was to identify nosologically nonspecific signs of hospitalism in patients of a gerontopsychiatric hospital and to develop, on their basis, a method for screening diagnostics of hospitalism.
Materials and methods. We examined 194 inpatients aged 55 to 91 years, hospitalism was detected in 102 people, 92 people made up the comparison group. The survey was carried out at the stage of preparation for discharge in the form of a semi-structured interview, supplemented by the collection of anamnestic and follow-up data.
Results. The most common signs of hospitalism in this sample were the deterioration of the mental and somatic state before discharge (78% of the examined patients of the main group, a confidence interval (CI) of 68–85%), a long duration of the current hospitalization (73%, CI 64–82%), violations of compliance (73%, CI 63-81%), long duration of inpatient treatment in anamnesis (71%, CI 61-80%), deterioration soon after discharge (67%, CI 52-80%), a large number of hospitalizations during the entire period of illness (67%, CI 57-76%), lack of discharge intention (62%, CI 51-72%), tendency to increase the duration of hospitalizations (54%, CI 43-64%), high level of anxiety before discharge (50% , CI 34-66%), reduction in the intervals between hospitalizations (49%, CI 38-59%), p <0.05.
Conclusion. The proposed methodology is intended for screening assessment of the presence of hospitalism and identification of the circle of persons for whom an in-depth assessment of social and psychological adaptation is advisable in order to prevent the adverse effects of hospitalization.

Summary. The study of various markers indicating an imbalance in both the neurotransmitter and immune systems observed in patients with schizophrenia is currently of great scientific and practical interest. These studies allow us to deepen knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenic spectrum disorders, to facili-tate the classification and conduct of differential diagnosis in complex diagnostic cases. The article presents the results of laboratory studies of DMT-1, CD4, CD20, CD34 and dopamine in 24 people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, and 14 healthy individuals.

The aim of the study was to determine DMT-1, CD4, CD20, CD34 and dopamine as possible markers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia using the minimally invasive method.
Materials and methods: Buccal epithelium was taken in 2 groups of patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia receiving and not receiving therapy with psychotropic drugs. The third group consisted of healthy volunteers. The samples were studied by the immunocytochemical method followed by visualization using scanning laser confocal microscopy and morphometric analysis.
Results and discussion: : It was revealed that the markers studied were found to be associated with the nature of mental disorder, but not with the influence of psychotropic drugs used in it. Conclusion: The results of this study may indicate the possibility of minimally invasive diagnosis of schizophrenia using this method; however, the authors note that the results of the study should be considered preliminary. It is necessary to expand the number of patients and compare them with groups of patients suffering from other mental disorders, which is certainly important for assessing the adequacy of the proposed method and the possibility of its use in differential diagnosis.

Summary. Purpose. Study of the influence of attachment quality (based on the analysis of its representation) on the results of treatment and socio-psychological adaptation of adolescent patients with schizotypal disorder.
Materials and Methods. 41 adolescents with pseudoneurotic type of schizotypal disorder were surveyed [F 21.3]. All respondents were divided into two groups based on the type of early attachment to mother («reliable attachment» and «unreliable attachment»). A battery of 6 tests was used: a questionnaire for studying of coping-behavior ways (Lazarus R., Folkman С., WCQ, The Waysof Coping Questionnaire, 1988); test LSI, Life style index Plutchik R., Kellerman H., 1979 (in adapt.Wasserman L. I., etc., 1998), the modified questionnaire of attachment ( Yaremchuk M. V., 2005; in modific. Almazova O.V., Burmenskaya G.V., 2015), SCL-90R («Simptom Check List-90-Revised»; Derogatis, Rickels, Rock, 1976), integrative anxiety test (Bizyuk A.P, Wasserman L.I., Iovlev B.V., 2005), scale of assessment of social functioning of patients (Kotsyubinsky A.P., Sheinina N.S., etc. 2013). Studied were the features of protectively-adaptive behavior and the actual psychological symptomatic status, indicators of personal and situational anxiety, as well as features of contact with the doctor, and dynamics of indicators of social adaptation during treatment.
Results. Confirmed the relationship of representation unreliable type of attachment to the mother, in patients with schizotypal disorder, and sustained violation in the sphere of relationships with parents, disorders of emotional regulation, reduce psychological adaption in general. In such patients, during the treatment process, lower compliance indicators, specific features of the protective-coping style of behavior, as well as slower rates of psychological and social recovery were revealed.
Conclusion. According to the results of the study, data indicating the negative impact of unreliable attachment in adolescent patients with schizotypal disorder on psychological recovery during treatment and socio — psychological adaptation of patients in general were obtained. Psychotherapeutic recommendations are presented.

Summary. The increased maladaptive Internet use and associated psychosomatic disorders in modern adolescents is an urgent medical problem. The aim of the study was to research the gender prevalence and pattern structure of various types of online behavior in adolescents from Abakan (Khakassia). Material and methods. A one-time screening examination of random samples of students from 4 schools in the city of Abakan was carried out from April to May 2019. It was examined 1360 adolescents (49.5% of boys and 50.5% of girls) aged 12-18 years (mean age 14.7 ± 1.3). Online behavior was assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) based on the total CIAS score. There were 2 groups (boys and girls) for the indicators to be analyzed, with the data processed using the “Statistica 12” program. Results. Adaptive Internet use (AIU) is typical for 56.5% of Abakan adolescents, Non-adaptive maladaptive (NIU) — for 37.6% and Internet-dependent, pathological Internet use (PIU) — for 5.9%. The incidence and pattern structure of various types of online behavior are associated with gender. The prevalence of maladaptive types of online behavior is higher among girls: non-adaptive (42.4% versus 32.8% in boys) and pathological (8.0% versus 3.7%). There are significant gender differences in the Com, Wit, Tol scales, key symptoms of Internet addiction (KSIA), Problems Associated with Internet Addiction (PAIA) and the total CIAS score of the Chen scale. Girls have higher average scores for all subscales of the Chen questionnaire, i.e. both key symptoms of Internet addiction, and the total CIAS score. Conclusion. The prevalence of maladaptive types of online behavior among adolescents in Abakan and also a high association with gender confirm the relevance of the problem and indicate the further research in the given area is needed.

Summary. The article (didactic material) addresses the following aspects of the study of reversible regression in early childhood: question history, systematics, regression symptoms, including in childhood autism. The authors analyze the available data, express the opinion that the possibilities of reversible regression therapy in children have not been studied, there are no accurate data on the pathogenesis of these disorders, indicate the need to assess the dynamics of the condition, taking into account the age and sex factors of the child.
The authors conclude that reversible regression is a pathological condition developing against a background of relatively favorable child development, in which there is a prolonged decay of previously acquired skills followed by partial or complete recovery. Unlike dementia, which is an irreversible process, regression has the stage of restoring lost functions. In studying the issue, clinical-dynamic analysis of variants of reversible regression of early childhood, an understanding of gender and age differences in the symptoms of the disorder, and prognosis criteria.